{"id":100615,"date":"2022-11-02T14:23:51","date_gmt":"2022-11-02T13:23:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/?p=100615"},"modified":"2022-11-14T08:39:09","modified_gmt":"2022-11-14T07:39:09","slug":"drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-cattle-ranching","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-cattle-ranching\/","title":{"rendered":"Drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon: cattle ranching"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Due to the high demand for meat, cattle ranching is the main driver of deforestation at a global scale<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">WWF. (2018). <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/magazine\/issues\/summer-2018\/articles\/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-tropical-deforestation\" target=\"_blank\"><em>What are the biggest drivers of tropical deforestation?<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. This is also the case in Colombia. The previous article in the series \u2018Drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon\u2019 focused on land grabbing, which lays the foundation for the other five drivers of deforestation. Here, we analyse the most impactful component once land is deforested: cattle ranching. In Colombia, pastures are replacing forests at a rapid pace.<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Text: Mar\u00eda Molina<br>Header photo: Cows in Guaviare in the southern central region of Colombia. \u00a9<\/mark> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Mariel Cabero \/ IUCN NL <\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A land of cows<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The transformation of primary forests into pasture for cattle ranching represents 50% of the national deforestation rate registered between 2005 and 2015 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gonz\u00e1lez, J. Cubillos, A., Chadid, M., Cubillos, A., Arias, M., Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, E., Joubert. (2018) Caracterizaci\u00f3n de las principales causas y agentes de la deforestaci\u00f3n a nivel nacional per\u00edodo 2005&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Currently, they occupy 36.6% of the country\u2019s total area, more than double of the land suitable for this use<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Agust\u00edn Codazzi &#8211; IGAC. (2021). <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.igac.gov.co\/es\/noticias\/colombia-un-pais-con-una-diversidad-de-suelos-ignorada-y-desperdiciada\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Colombia, un pa\u00eds con una diversidad de suelos ignorada y desperdiciada<\/em><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. \u2018Cows in Colombia have more land than peasants,\u2019 says Carlos Suesc\u00fan, Professor at the Faculty of Economic Sciences of the National University of Colombia. In 2015, figures of the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/agenciadenoticias.unal.edu.co\/detalle\/en-colombia-las-vacas-tienen-mas-tierra-que-los-campesinos\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Censo Nacional Agropecuario<\/em><\/a> showed that on some large-scale farms one cow has a grazing area up to 3.5 hectares, while a small-scale, local farmer on average owns 1.4 hectares.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In 2017, one of the years with the highest deforestation in the country, more than 183,000 hectares were lost in the Amazon region alone, mainly due to illegal appropriation of land for cattle ranching<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rodr\u00edguez-de-Francisco, J. C., Del Cairo, C. Ortiz &#8211; Gallego, et al. J. 2021.&nbsp;Post-conflict transition and REDD+ in Colombia: Challenges to reducing deforestation in the Amazon. Forest&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Main drivers of deforestation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Land grabbing and cattle ranching are intertwined drivers of deforestation; together they form the greatest cause of environmental degradation<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Center for Alternatives to Development. (2021). <em>Defending the forest. Dynamics of forest transformation and community-based alternatives in the northwestern Amazon region<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. As discussed in the previous article, deforested areas of the Colombian Amazon are occupied with cattle to provide proof that the land is used in order to be able to claim property titles from the authorities<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Clerici, N., Armenteras, D., Kareiva, P, <em>et al.<\/em> (2020). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-61861-y\" target=\"_blank\">Deforestation in Colombian protected areas increased during post-conflict periods.<\/a><\/em> Sci Rep 10, 4971.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. &nbsp;According to Bram Ebus, researcher at the Crisis Group, introducing livestock is also a way to show other appropriators that the land has already been taken.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Although cattle ranching is prohibited within the national parks, livestock in La Macarena National Park grew more than sevenfold between 2016 and 2019.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>There is evidence of a direct relationship between the increase in the number of heads of cattle and the increase in hectares of deforested forest. In the northern municipalities of the Amazon region alone, it is estimated that 2 million head of cattle were registered in 2019, almost double the figure of 2016. In turn, deforestation reached a total of 300,415 hectares<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Centro de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible para Am\u00e9rica Latina. (2021). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/cods.uniandes.edu.co\/la-huella-de-la-ganaderia-en-la-selva-amazonica\/\" target=\"_blank\">La huella de la ganader\u00eda en la selva amaz\u00f3nica.<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cows as guardians of land ownership<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Although cattle ranching is prohibited within the national parks, livestock in La Macarena National Park grew more than sevenfold between 2016 and 2019<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Environmental Investigation Agency. (2021). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/us.eia.org\/report\/20210527-tainted-beef-report\" target=\"_blank\">Tainted Beef. How criminal cattle supply chains are destroying the Colombian Amazon<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In the northern area, adjacent to the Chiribiquete National Natural Park, the number of cows tripled and 17,000 hectares of forest were destroyed. <a href=\"https:\/\/fcds.org.co\/deforestacion-acaparamiento-y-ganaderia-en-la-amazonia-colombiana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">According to Rodrigo Botero of FCDS<\/a>, the Yaguara II and Nukak-Maku Indigenous reserves face the occupation of their territories because of this development.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>\u2018The real function of cattle is not to sell meat or leather, it is to be guardians of land ownership,\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/noticias-america-latina-63140225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">says Colombian sociologist and lawyer Alejandro Reyes<\/a>. Although keeping livestock is a means rather than an end, the profit made is still an additional benefit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The invisible cattle chain<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The large-scale cattle business is permeated by illegality and violence, including corruption, extortion, cattle \u201claundering\u201d, financing of armed groups and displacement of local communities<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">International Crisis Group. (2021). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/icg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com\/091-colombia-broken-canopy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">A Broken Canopy: Preventing Deforestation and Conflict in Colombia<\/a><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. A report of the Environmental Investigation Agency, shows how keeping large groups of livestock within deforested areas in La Macarena and Chiribiquete National Parks, involves criminal activities from the start to the end of the production chain<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">ILizcano, M.F. (2018). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2018\/08\/mafias-en-los-bosques-colombia\/\" target=\"_blank\">Las mafias se adue\u00f1an de la Amazon\u00eda de Colombia<\/a><\/em>. Series de Mongabay: Especial Posconflicto: guerra a muerte por la tierra en Colombia.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>At the beginning of this chain, big investors based in the cities often run the operations. It is common for them to <a href=\"https:\/\/icg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com\/091-colombia-broken-canopy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pay small amounts of money<\/a> to vulnerable communities for the felling and burning of the forest and to the take care of livestock.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Despite the trail of illegality, corruption, deforestation and violence, cattle meat from the Amazon region ends up in large supermarket chains.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>While raising the animals, both small and large producers are forced to pay fees for each head of cattle to armed groups. After the Peace Agreement in 2016, FARC dissidents, Autodefensas Gaitanistas, ELN and other non-state armed groups <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2018\/08\/mafias-en-los-bosques-colombia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">have strengthened their positions<\/a> in the Amazon region. Among other things, they (violently) control businesses in the region and obtain profits from extortion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Cattle raised in protected areas is officially illegal and therefore cannot be registered in the agricultural records of the authorities, or even be vaccinated. These animals cannot be slaughtered or sold. At this point, a new actor jumps in: a rancher in the region who is in possession of the required permits is paid do make the cattle part of their herd. This step in the process is known as cattle laundering.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Despite the trail of illegality, corruption, deforestation and violence, cattle meat from the Amazon region ends up in large supermarket chains. Consumers buy these products without realising that they are indirectly financing the deforestation of one of the most biodiverse areas in the world<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_100615_1('footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Environmental Investigation Agency (2021). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/us.eia.org\/report\/20210527-tainted-beef-report\" target=\"_blank\">Tainted Beef. How criminal cattle supply chains are destroying the Colombian Amazon<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_100615_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Amazon rights in focus<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Understanding the dynamics of deforestation allows us to move towards the common objective of our Amazon rights in focus project. We work together with <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/fcds.org.co\/\" target=\"_blank\">La Fundaci\u00f3n para la Conservaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo Sostenible<\/a>, <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ambienteysociedad.org.co\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ambiente y Sociedad<\/a> and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Mongabay<\/a>, to protect the rights of the Colombian Amazon forests, as well as the livelihoods of the Indigenous and local communities depend on these important ecosystems.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In this series, we dive into the main drivers of deforestation in Colombia: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-land-grabbing\/\">land grabbing<\/a>, cattle ranching, mining, illegal logging, industrial agriculture and illicit crop cultivation. In a series of articles we will analyse the causes, consequences and actors involved in each of the drivers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/project\/amazon\/\">More about Amazon rights in focus<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-primary\" id=\"block_19e00e78164932fb6a1ac4813682f7bd\">\n             <div class=\"dark custom-padding-top\">\n    \n\n\n<div class=\"smallteam-members__name12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n\t<div id=\"team-members-block_772e55a73f778477fefe7e47c0044062\" class=\"team-members team-members-block block\">\n\t\t<span class=\"anchor-id\" id=\"\"><\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"team-members__title\">\n\t\t\t\t<div>More information? Contact:<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"team-members__body small-12 grid-x\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__item grid-x small-12 medium-6\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image cell shrink\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/liliana-jauregui-director\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image-wrapper lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/01\/79IUCN-121222-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/01\/79IUCN-121222-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Liliana Jauregui\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2560\/2560;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/liliana-jauregui-director\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Liliana \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJauregui<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Director <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:liliana.jauregui@iucn.nl\">liliana.jauregui@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__readmore\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/liliana-jauregui-director\/\" target=\"\">Full profile<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__socials\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/liliana-jauregui-bordones-b3b16019\/?originalSubdomain=nl\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-linkedin\" aria-label=\"Linkedin profile of Liliana  Jauregui\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/linkedin-icon.svg\" alt=\"Linkedin logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/lilitjejauregui\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-twitter\" aria-label=\"Twitter profile of Liliana  Jauregui\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/twitter-icon.svg\" alt=\"Twitter logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__item grid-x small-12 medium-6\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image cell shrink\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image-wrapper lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/46IUCN-300418-2-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/46IUCN-300418-2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2560\/2560;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Mariel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCabero<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Expert Environmental Justice<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:mariel.cabero@iucn.nl\">mariel.cabero@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__readmore\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">Volledig profiel<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__socials\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mariel-cabero-ugalde-71829834\/\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-linkedin\" aria-label=\"Linkedin profile of Mariel Cabero\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/linkedin-icon.svg\" alt=\"Linkedin logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"posts related_content small-12\">\n    <div class=\"post__titlebar grid-x\">\n                    <h2 class=\"post__title\">More updates from the Colombian Amazon<\/h2>\n            <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"post__body\">\n                    <div class=\"grid-x grid-margin-x show-for-medium\">\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/survey-results-underscore-continued-pressures-on-civic-spaces\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Survey results underscore continued pressures on civic spaces\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/blog\/promoting-deforestation-free-supply-chains-in-colombia-lessons-from-a-strategic-cross-sectoral-collaboration\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Blog\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Promoting deforestation-free supply chains in Colombia: Lessons from a strategic cross-sectoral collaboration\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/opinion\/recycled-but-not-responsible-loopholes-in-recycled-gold-from-the-amazon\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Opinion\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Recycled but not responsible: loopholes in recycled gold from the Amazon\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/women-in-a-degraded-amazon-struggles-for-land-body-and-nature\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Women in a degraded Amazon: struggles for land, body and nature\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n                <div class=\"orbit\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"More updates from the Colombian Amazon\" data-orbit>\n                    <div class=\"orbit-wrapper\">\n                        <ul class=\"orbit-container\">\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/survey-results-underscore-continued-pressures-on-civic-spaces\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Survey results underscore continued pressures on civic spaces\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/blog\/promoting-deforestation-free-supply-chains-in-colombia-lessons-from-a-strategic-cross-sectoral-collaboration\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Blog\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Promoting deforestation-free supply chains in Colombia: Lessons from a strategic cross-sectoral collaboration\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/opinion\/recycled-but-not-responsible-loopholes-in-recycled-gold-from-the-amazon\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Opinion\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Recycled but not responsible: loopholes in recycled gold from the Amazon\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/women-in-a-degraded-amazon-struggles-for-land-body-and-nature\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Women in a degraded Amazon: struggles for land, body and nature\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                <\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <nav class=\"orbit-bullets\">\n                                                                            <button class=\"is-active\" data-slide=\"0\">\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span>\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\" data-slide-active-label><\/span>\n                        <\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"1\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"2\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"3\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                <\/nav>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><h2><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_100615_1();\">Index<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_100615_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_100615_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/h2><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_100615_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Index<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">WWF. (2018). <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/magazine\/issues\/summer-2018\/articles\/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-tropical-deforestation\" target=\"_blank\"><em>What are the biggest drivers of tropical deforestation?<\/em><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gonz\u00e1lez, J. Cubillos, A., Chadid, M., Cubillos, A., Arias, M., Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, E., Joubert. (2018)<em> Caracterizaci\u00f3n de las principales causas y agentes de la deforestaci\u00f3n a nivel nacional per\u00edodo 2005 &#8211; 2015<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Agust\u00edn Codazzi &#8211; IGAC. (2021). <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.igac.gov.co\/es\/noticias\/colombia-un-pais-con-una-diversidad-de-suelos-ignorada-y-desperdiciada\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Colombia, un pa\u00eds con una diversidad de suelos ignorada y desperdiciada<\/em><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rodr\u00edguez-de-Francisco, J. C., Del Cairo, C. Ortiz &#8211; Gallego, <em>et al.<\/em> J. 2021.<em>&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forpol.2021.102450\" target=\"_blank\">Post-conflict transition and REDD+ in Colombia: Challenges to reducing deforestation in the Amazon.<\/a><\/em> Forest Policy and Economics. 127, 102450<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Center for Alternatives to Development. (2021). <em>Defending the forest. Dynamics of forest transformation and community-based alternatives in the northwestern Amazon region<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Clerici, N., Armenteras, D., Kareiva, P, <em>et al.<\/em> (2020). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-61861-y\" target=\"_blank\">Deforestation in Colombian protected areas increased during post-conflict periods.<\/a><\/em> Sci Rep 10, 4971.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Centro de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible para Am\u00e9rica Latina. (2021). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/cods.uniandes.edu.co\/la-huella-de-la-ganaderia-en-la-selva-amazonica\/\" target=\"_blank\">La huella de la ganader\u00eda en la selva amaz\u00f3nica.<\/a><\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Environmental Investigation Agency. (2021). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/us.eia.org\/report\/20210527-tainted-beef-report\" target=\"_blank\">Tainted Beef. How criminal cattle supply chains are destroying the Colombian Amazon<\/a>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">International Crisis Group. (2021). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/icg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com\/091-colombia-broken-canopy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">A Broken Canopy: Preventing Deforestation and Conflict in Colombia<\/a><\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">ILizcano, M.F. (2018). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2018\/08\/mafias-en-los-bosques-colombia\/\" target=\"_blank\">Las mafias se adue\u00f1an de la Amazon\u00eda de Colombia<\/a><\/em>. Series de Mongabay: Especial Posconflicto: guerra a muerte por la tierra en Colombia.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_100615_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_100615_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Environmental Investigation Agency (2021). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/us.eia.org\/report\/20210527-tainted-beef-report\" target=\"_blank\">Tainted Beef. How criminal cattle supply chains are destroying the Colombian Amazon<\/a>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_100615_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_100615_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_100615_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_100615_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_100615_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_100615_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_100615_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_100615_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_100615_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_100615_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_100615_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_100615_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_100615_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_100615_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Due to the high demand for meat, cattle ranching is the main driver of deforestation at a global scale[1]WWF. (2018). What are the biggest drivers of tropical deforestation?. This is also the case in Colombia. The previous article in the series \u2018Drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon\u2019 focused on land grabbing, which lays the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":100708,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[274],"class_list":["post-100615","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publication","tag-amazon-rights-in-focus"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100615","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=100615"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100615\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":103776,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100615\/revisions\/103776"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/100708"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100615"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100615"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100615"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}