{"id":103555,"date":"2022-11-14T08:40:52","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T07:40:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/?p=103555"},"modified":"2024-01-09T17:17:23","modified_gmt":"2024-01-09T16:17:23","slug":"drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-industrial-agriculture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-industrial-agriculture\/","title":{"rendered":"Drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon: industrial agriculture"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The increasing demand for commodities, such as palm oil, beef and biofuels threatens the conservation of forests, including the Colombian Amazon<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Corporaci\u00f3n Grupo Semillas. (2005). Frontera Agropecuaria en la Amazonia: La infraestructura de gran escala como motor de la ampliaci\u00f3n en funci\u00f3n de los mercados de tierras, energ\u00eda y miner\u00eda&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_1');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Industrial agriculture is one of the major drivers of deforestation putting biodiversity and Indigenous Peoples and local communities at risk<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">FAO. (2020)<em> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/ca8642en\/ca8642en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">The state of the world\u00b4s forests 2020.&nbsp; Forest, biodiversity and people.<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Globally, agricultural expansion, including cropland and cattle grazing, is responsible for 90% of deforestation between 2000 and 2018<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">FAO. (2020). <em>FRA 2020 Remote Sensing Survey.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. South America is affected the most: 68 million hectares of forest were lost in the same period, of which 25% due to croplands<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">FAO. (2022). <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/cb7449en\/cb7449en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Tropical rainforests under pressure as agricultural expansion drives global deforestation<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Text: Mar\u00eda Molina<br>Header photo: deforestation for palm oil plantations&nbsp;\u00a9 Rodrigo Botero \/ FCDS<\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In the previous articles of our series <em>Drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon<\/em>, we discussed the interrelationship between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-cattle-ranching\/\">cattle ranching<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-land-grabbing\/\">land grabbing<\/a> as drivers of forest loss. This article will analyse another main driver: industrial agriculture, which is becoming a growing issue in the Amazon region.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The impact of industrial agriculture<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The process of growing agro-industrial crops often starts with the appropriation of large extensions of land driven by large national and foreign capitals. The impact on the area is enormous. By destroying forests, industrial agriculture causes biodiversity loss<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos Alexander von Humboldt. (2000). Incentivos econ\u00f3micos perversos para la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad: El caso de la palma africana.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_5');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. It also puts the livelihoods of Indigenous and other local communities at risk, as their crops become affected by fumigation and pesticides used for large monocultures. Due to the expansion of industrial agriculture, access to water becomes limited, rivers polluted and the soil quality<sup> <\/sup>decreases<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Correa-Garc\u00eda, E., V\u00e9lez-Correa, J., Zapata-Caldas, E. &amp; Figueroa-Casas A. (2018). <em>Transformaciones territoriales producidas por la agroindustria de la ca\u00f1a de az\u00facar.<\/em> Land use policy.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In Colombia, large-scale agriculture is also associated with dynamics of violence, dispossession, forced displacement<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Goebertus Estrada, J. (2008). <em>Palma de aceite y desplazamiento forzado en Zona Bananera: \u2018trayectorias\u2019 entre recursos naturales y conflicto<\/em>. Colombia Internacional 152\u2013175.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, <a href=\"https:\/\/laborrights.org\/blog\/201605\/displacement-death-and-worker-exploitation-corporate-crimes-colombia%E2%80%99s-palm-oil-industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">labour exploitation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wrm.org.uy\/bulletin-articles\/colombia-oil-palm-plantations-violation-of-human-rights-and-afro-descendent-communities-quest-for-true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">violation of human rights<\/a> and invasion of Indigenous and Afro-Colombian territories<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00c1rea de Memoria Hist\u00f3rica. Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Reparaci\u00f3n y Reconciliaci\u00f3n. L\u00ednea de Investigaci\u00f3n Tierra y Conflicto. (2009). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co\/el-despojo-de-tierras-y-territorios-aproximacion-conceptual\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">El Despojo de Tierras y Territorios. Aproximaci\u00f3n conceptual<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In the Colombian Amazon region, palm oil and, to a lesser degree, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wrm.org.uy\/bulletin-articles\/colombia-oil-palm-plantations-violation-of-human-rights-and-afro-descendent-communities-quest-for-true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">eucalyptus<\/a> are the main industrial crops<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fundaci\u00f3n para la Conservaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo. (2020). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/fcds.org.co\/publicaciones\/reporte-fcds-deforestacion-amazonia-colombiana-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reporte FCDS Deforestaci\u00f3n Amazonia Colombiana 2020<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Palm oil is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/pages\/which-everyday-products-contain-palm-oil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">most consumed vegetable oil<\/a> in the world and its use ranges from biofuel production to soaps for domestic use. Colombia is the fourth producer of palm oil in the world and the first in the Americas; <a href=\"https:\/\/web.fedepalma.org\/la-palma-de-aceite-en-colombia-departamentos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">it is currently grown in 21<\/a> of the country\u2019s 32 departments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Forced displacement <\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The expansion of palm oil in Colombia has been strongly related to the appropriation of land and forced displacement of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. Armed groups play an important role in this process. They invest in businesses, but are also commissioned by large palm oil companies to violently pressure people living in the area<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ocampo Valencia, S. (2009). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7440\/colombiaint70.2009.07\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Agroindustria y conflicto armado. El caso de la palma de aceite<\/a><\/em>. Revistas Uniandes.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Companies and armed groups join forces to illegally evict and occupy peasant lands. They often intimidate people so they are forced to sell their land at very low prices<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Perdomo, K. (2018). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/revistas.udea.edu.co\/index.php\/derypol\/article\/view\/336602\/20791994\" target=\"_blank\">Vista de Palma en el Choc\u00f3: apropiaci\u00f3n y despojo de tierras vs sostenibilidad<\/a><\/em>. Di\u00e1logos de Derecho y Pol\u00edtica.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The communities of Curvarad\u00f3 and Jiguamiand\u00f3 in the Colombian Pacific region, registered more than 3,000 forcedly displaced people and 20,000 people dispossessed of their land through illegal appropriation by large palm oil companies and powerful individuals<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Montero, D. (2011). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lasillavacia.com\/historias\/silla-nacional\/curvarado-y-jiguamiando-la-gran-prueba-de-la-restitucion-de-tierras-de-santos\" target=\"_blank\">Curvarad\u00f3 y Jiguamiand\u00f3: La gran prueba de la restituci\u00f3n de tierras de Santos<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. These actions were carried out by paramilitary groups with the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/verdadabierta.com\/doce-paramilitares-fueron-guias-del-ejercito-en-la-operacion-genesis\/\" target=\"_blank\">participation of the national army<\/a> and involved the assassination of community leaders and others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Palm oil: raising the alarm<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The palm oil sector is becoming increasingly profitable. The year of 2021 showed record figures: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eltiempo.com\/economia\/sectores\/produccion-de-aceite-de-palma-en-colombia-en-2021-subio-9-por-ciento-640210\">1,706,000 tons of palm oil<\/a> was produced gaining a profit of 7.5 billion Colombian Pesos (approximately 1.5 million euro\u2019s). Because of the growth in demand, the palm oil sector is increasingly attracting the attention of investors in the Amazon<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Valenzuela-Amaya, S. (2021). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/cods.uniandes.edu.co\/agricultura-y-deforestacion-amazonia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La agricultura, un motor silencioso de la deforestaci\u00f3n Amaz\u00f3nica<\/a>.<\/em> Centro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible para Am\u00e9rica Latina.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In Colombia, but also in other Amazon countries, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfam.org\/es\/el-aumento-de-cultivos-de-palma-aceitera-amenaza-la-amazonia-peruana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Peru<\/a>. Taking into account the disastrous history of palm oil businesses in the region, alarms must be raised.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Protected areas and Amazonian Indigenous reserves are also being affected by this unstoppable force driven by the global market.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From forest to large-scale plantation<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The first phase of the process is, like of all drivers of deforestation, land appropriation. After burning and felling the forest to prepare the soil, large palm plantations are created. Most of them are located in Colombia\u2019s Amazonian departments with the highest rates of deforestation: Meta and Guaviare. In 2020, these departments lost approximately 23,800 hectares and 15,000 hectares of forest respectively<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">IDEAM. (2021). <em>Resultados del Monitoreo de la deforestaci\u00f3n: 1. A\u00f1o 2020. 2. Primeros trimestres del a\u00f1o 2021<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Protected areas and Amazonian Indigenous reserves are also being affected by this unstoppable force driven by the global market. Recent research of FCDS<sup> <\/sup>(2022) shows the impact of industrial agriculture in the extreme north of the reserve of the Nukak-Maku, one of the Indigenous communities hit hardest by the land grabbing boom<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">FCDS. (2022). <em>Seguimiento de la p\u00e9rdida de bosque y cambio de cobertura en el arco de deforestaci\u00f3n en la Amazon\u00eda Colombiana (abril 2021 &#8211; marzo 2022)<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Like the neighbouring Chiribiquete National Park, this reserve was declared natural and cultural heritage of humanity. Still, hectares of forest have been <a href=\"https:\/\/cods.uniandes.edu.co\/agricultura-y-deforestacion-amazonia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">eliminated for palm cultivation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>As mentioned, armed groups also invest in agro-industrial businesses. In legal statements, former paramilitary chiefs admitted dispossessing thousands of hectares of land from peasant communities in the departments of Meta and Guaviare for the development of industrial agriculture. This concerned large-scale plantation with up to 3,000 hectares of palm trees<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">VerdadAbierta.com. (2009). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/verdadabierta.com\/don-mario-y-las-caletas-de-vicente-castano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018Don Mario\u2019 y las caletas de Vicente Casta\u00f1o<\/a><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">International market<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Between 2000 and 2015, Colombia received economic support from the United States for the promotion of palm plantations as an alternative for growing illicit crops (coca) as part of Plan Colombia Framework<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Potter, L. (2020).<em>Colombia\u2019s oil palm development in times of war and \u2018peace\u2019: Myths, enablers and the disparate realities of land control<\/em>. J Rural Stud 78, 491\u2013502.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Although the initiative includes some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semana.com\/nacion\/articulo\/asi-le-ha-aportado-el-sector-palmicultor-a-la-sustitucion-de-cultivos-a-colombia\/202244\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">success stories of small producers<\/a>, due to corruption in the highest echelons of political power, large industrial investors<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Quiroz, D., Achterberg, E. &amp; Arnould, J. (2021). <em>Sector analysis Latin American Palm Oil.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and <a href=\"https:\/\/archivo.lasillavacia.com\/historia\/192?page=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">politicians<\/a> mainly benefitted. Even drugs traffickers and paramilitaries gained through the initiative, by illegally appropriating the resources through the <em>Agro Ingreso Seguro <\/em>programme<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_103555_1('footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">El Tiempo. (2009).\u00a0 <em>Narco extraditado figura en la lista de beneficiarios de Agro Ingreso Seguro. <\/em>Archivo.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_103555_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>According to The National Federation of Oil Palm Growers of Colombia (Fedepalma), 70% of Colombian palm oil is exported to Europe. The Netherlands is the largest European buyer: export to the small country grew from 2% in 2012 to 11% in 2017. The Dutch sector <a href=\"https:\/\/web.fedepalma.org\/firma-primer-acuerdo-internacional-para-aumentar-la-produccion-comercio-aceite-palma-sostenible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">signed in 2018 an agreement<\/a> to responsibly manage the supply chain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zero-deforestation agreements<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The Colombian authorities have zero-deforestation agreements with palm oil producing federations. Despite the fact that the federations have promised not to buy palm oil from farms in protected areas, it is estimated that <a href=\"https:\/\/sociedadsostenible.co\/el-rol-del-sector-palmero-con-la-deforestacion-en-colombia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4,455 hectares of forest<\/a> were replaced by these crops. These economic associations assure that it is a very low figure compared to other factors of deforestation. The problem, however, steadily continues to gain ground in the Amazon forests.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Amazon rights in focus<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Understanding the dynamics of deforestation allows us to move towards the common objective of our Amazon rights in focus project. We work together with <a href=\"https:\/\/fcds.org.co\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La Fundaci\u00f3n para la Conservaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo Sostenible<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ambienteysociedad.org.co\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ambiente y Sociedad<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mongabay<\/a>, to protect the rights of the Colombian Amazon forests, as well as the livelihoods of the Indigenous and local communities depend on these important ecosystems.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In this series, we dive into the main drivers of deforestation in Colombia: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-land-grabbing\/\">land grabbing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-cattle-ranching\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cattle ranching<\/a>, mining, illegal logging, industrial agriculture and illicit crop cultivation. In a series of articles we will analyse the causes, consequences and actors involved in each of the drivers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/project\/amazon\/\">About Amazon rights in focus<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-primary\" id=\"block_a84a1cd77d224848b2f166bb4440b3b1\">\n             <div class=\"dark custom-padding-top\">\n    \n\n\n<div class=\"smallteam-members__name12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n\t<div id=\"team-members-block_ed6f8a91a4c4ad644e07f7116d1ef1e2\" class=\"team-members team-members-block block\">\n\t\t<span class=\"anchor-id\" id=\"\"><\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"team-members__title\">\n\t\t\t\t<div>More information? Contact:<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"team-members__body small-12 grid-x\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__item grid-x small-12 medium-6\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image cell shrink\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/liliana-jauregui-director\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image-wrapper lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/01\/79IUCN-121222-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/01\/79IUCN-121222-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Liliana Jauregui\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2560\/2560;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/liliana-jauregui-director\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Liliana \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJauregui<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Director <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:liliana.jauregui@iucn.nl\">liliana.jauregui@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__readmore\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/liliana-jauregui-director\/\" target=\"\">Full profile<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__socials\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/liliana-jauregui-bordones-b3b16019\/?originalSubdomain=nl\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-linkedin\" aria-label=\"Linkedin profile of Liliana  Jauregui\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/linkedin-icon.svg\" alt=\"Linkedin logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/lilitjejauregui\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-twitter\" aria-label=\"Twitter profile of Liliana  Jauregui\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/twitter-icon.svg\" alt=\"Twitter logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__item grid-x small-12 medium-6\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image cell shrink\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image-wrapper lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/46IUCN-300418-2-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/46IUCN-300418-2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2560\/2560;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Mariel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCabero<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Expert Environmental Justice<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:mariel.cabero@iucn.nl\">mariel.cabero@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__readmore\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">Volledig profiel<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__socials\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mariel-cabero-ugalde-71829834\/\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-linkedin\" aria-label=\"Linkedin profile of Mariel Cabero\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/linkedin-icon.svg\" alt=\"Linkedin logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"posts related_content small-12\">\n    <div class=\"post__titlebar grid-x\">\n                    <h2 class=\"post__title\">News from the Colombian Amazon<\/h2>\n            <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"post__body\">\n                    <div class=\"grid-x grid-margin-x show-for-medium\">\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/survey-results-underscore-continued-pressures-on-civic-spaces\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Survey results underscore continued pressures on civic spaces\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div 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class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Blog\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Promoting deforestation-free supply chains in Colombia: Lessons from a strategic cross-sectoral collaboration\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/opinion\/recycled-but-not-responsible-loopholes-in-recycled-gold-from-the-amazon\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Opinion\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                        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[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Women in a degraded Amazon: struggles for land, body and nature\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div 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[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Opinion\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Recycled but not responsible: loopholes in recycled gold from the Amazon\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n       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onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_103555_1();\">Index<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_103555_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_103555_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/h2><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_103555_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Index<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Corporaci\u00f3n Grupo Semillas. (2005). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.semillas.org.co\/es\/frontera-agropecuaria-en-la-amazonia-la-infraestructura-de-gran-escala-como-motor-de-la-ampliacin-en-funcin-de-los-mercados-2\" target=\"_blank\">Frontera Agropecuaria en la Amazonia: La infraestructura de gran escala como motor de la ampliaci\u00f3n en funci\u00f3n de los mercados de tierras, energ\u00eda y miner\u00eda mundiales<\/a>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">FAO. (2020)<em> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/ca8642en\/ca8642en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">The state of the world\u00b4s forests 2020.&nbsp; Forest, biodiversity and people.<\/a><\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">FAO. (2020). <em>FRA 2020 Remote Sensing Survey.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">FAO. (2022). <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/cb7449en\/cb7449en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Tropical rainforests under pressure as agricultural expansion drives global deforestation<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos Alexander von Humboldt. (2000). <em>Incentivos econ\u00f3micos perversos para la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad: El caso de la palma africana. <\/em>Bios\u00edntesis. Bolet\u00edn Informativo No. 21.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Correa-Garc\u00eda, E., V\u00e9lez-Correa, J., Zapata-Caldas, E. &amp; Figueroa-Casas A. (2018). <em>Transformaciones territoriales producidas por la agroindustria de la ca\u00f1a de az\u00facar.<\/em> Land use policy.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Goebertus Estrada, J. (2008). <em>Palma de aceite y desplazamiento forzado en Zona Bananera: \u2018trayectorias\u2019 entre recursos naturales y conflicto<\/em>. Colombia Internacional 152\u2013175.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00c1rea de Memoria Hist\u00f3rica. Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Reparaci\u00f3n y Reconciliaci\u00f3n. L\u00ednea de Investigaci\u00f3n Tierra y Conflicto. (2009). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co\/el-despojo-de-tierras-y-territorios-aproximacion-conceptual\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">El Despojo de Tierras y Territorios. Aproximaci\u00f3n conceptual<\/a>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fundaci\u00f3n para la Conservaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo. (2020). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/fcds.org.co\/publicaciones\/reporte-fcds-deforestacion-amazonia-colombiana-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reporte FCDS Deforestaci\u00f3n Amazonia Colombiana 2020<\/a>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ocampo Valencia, S. (2009). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7440\/colombiaint70.2009.07\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Agroindustria y conflicto armado. El caso de la palma de aceite<\/a><\/em>. Revistas Uniandes.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Perdomo, K. (2018). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/revistas.udea.edu.co\/index.php\/derypol\/article\/view\/336602\/20791994\" target=\"_blank\">Vista de Palma en el Choc\u00f3: apropiaci\u00f3n y despojo de tierras vs sostenibilidad<\/a><\/em>. Di\u00e1logos de Derecho y Pol\u00edtica.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Montero, D. (2011). <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lasillavacia.com\/historias\/silla-nacional\/curvarado-y-jiguamiando-la-gran-prueba-de-la-restitucion-de-tierras-de-santos\" target=\"_blank\">Curvarad\u00f3 y Jiguamiand\u00f3: La gran prueba de la restituci\u00f3n de tierras de Santos<\/a>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Valenzuela-Amaya, S. (2021). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/cods.uniandes.edu.co\/agricultura-y-deforestacion-amazonia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La agricultura, un motor silencioso de la deforestaci\u00f3n Amaz\u00f3nica<\/a>.<\/em> Centro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible para Am\u00e9rica Latina.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">IDEAM. (2021). <em>Resultados del Monitoreo de la deforestaci\u00f3n: 1. A\u00f1o 2020. 2. Primeros trimestres del a\u00f1o 2021<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">FCDS. (2022). <em>Seguimiento de la p\u00e9rdida de bosque y cambio de cobertura en el arco de deforestaci\u00f3n en la Amazon\u00eda Colombiana (abril 2021 &#8211; marzo 2022)<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">VerdadAbierta.com. (2009). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/verdadabierta.com\/don-mario-y-las-caletas-de-vicente-castano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018Don Mario\u2019 y las caletas de Vicente Casta\u00f1o<\/a><\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Potter, L. (2020).<em>Colombia\u2019s oil palm development in times of war and \u2018peace\u2019: Myths, enablers and the disparate realities of land control<\/em>. J Rural Stud 78, 491\u2013502.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Quiroz, D., Achterberg, E. &amp; Arnould, J. (2021). <em>Sector analysis Latin American Palm Oil.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_103555_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_103555_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">El Tiempo. (2009).\u00a0 <em>Narco extraditado figura en la lista de beneficiarios de Agro Ingreso Seguro. <\/em>Archivo.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_103555_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_103555_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_103555_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_103555_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_103555_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_103555_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_103555_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_103555_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_103555_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_103555_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_103555_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_103555_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_103555_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_103555_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The increasing demand for commodities, such as palm oil, beef and biofuels threatens the conservation of forests, including the Colombian Amazon[1]Corporaci\u00f3n Grupo Semillas. (2005). Frontera Agropecuaria en la Amazonia: La infraestructura de gran escala como motor de la ampliaci\u00f3n en funci\u00f3n de los mercados de tierras, energ\u00eda y miner\u00eda&nbsp;&#x2026; Continue reading. 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