{"id":109560,"date":"2022-12-23T18:21:52","date_gmt":"2022-12-23T17:21:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/?p=109560"},"modified":"2024-01-08T18:20:17","modified_gmt":"2024-01-08T17:20:17","slug":"drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-illicit-crops","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-illicit-crops\/","title":{"rendered":"Drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon: illicit crops"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Throughout a series of articles on deforestation, we have seen how the accelerated loss of forests in the Colombian Amazon region is the result of the interrelationship between the global market demand, corruption in government institutions, the socio-economic situation in Colombia\u2019s rural areas and the armed conflict. In this article, we analyse the role of illicit crops, and coca in particular, in deforestation. Crops for illicit use are historically linked to violence in Colombia and affects not only Indigenous and local communities, but also severely damages the environment.<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\"><em>Text: Mar\u00eda Molina<br>Header photo:<\/em> <em>\u00a9 FCDS<\/em><\/mark><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Coca: a sacred plant<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>For the Amazonian and Andean Indigenous communities, the use of the coca leaf is fundamental to their way of life. Coca is considered a sacred plant of great nutritional, spiritual and healing value<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">UNODC-SIMCI. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/colombia\/2022\/Octubre\/Otros\/Informe_de_Monitoreo_de_Territorios_Afectados_por_Cultivos_Ilicitos_2021.pdf\">Monitoreo de territorios afectados por cultivos il\u00edcitos Colombia<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, and some of their ancestral practices include the use and cultivation of the plant<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mamacoca. (2002). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mamacoca.org\/feb2002\/informe_la_coca_no_es_cocaina.html.\">La coca no es cocaina<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In the mid-1980s, the use of the coca leafs was appropriated and disrupted by drug traffickers and armed groups in Colombia. It was a response to the growing global demand for cocaine<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gaia Amazonas. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gaiaamazonas.org\/noticias\/2019-10-09_plantas-sagradas-elemento-clave-para-el-manejo-de-los-territorios-indigenas\/\">Plantas sagradas, elemento clave para el manejo de los Territorios Ind\u00edgenas<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, the narcotic extracted from coca leaves after a chemical treatment. Armed groups involved in drugs trafficking violently took control of rural territories, turning cocaine into the main driver of the armed conflict in Colombia. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>According to a recent report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), it is estimated that the area in Colombia under cultivation of illicit crops reached 204,000 hectares in 2021<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gonz\u00e1lez, J. C.&nbsp; et al. 2018. Caracterizaci\u00f3n de las principales causas y agentes de la deforestaci\u00f3n a nivel nacional per\u00edodo 2005 &#8211; 2015.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. A record figure breaking the subtle decrease between 2018 and 2020. UNODC also indicates that more than 50% of the country\u2019s illicit crops are grown in protected areas and the territories of Indigenous and Afro-descendant communities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Illicit crops and deforestation<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) has identified two different types of relationship between the expansion of illicit crops and deforestation: direct and indirect. In the first situation, forest areas are replaced by new coca plantations, while in the second plantations are expended by destroying adjacent natural areas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In 2020, more than 50,000 hectares of forest has been cleared, of which 12,939 hectares were replaced by coca crops. This is equivalent to 7.54% of the national deforestation figure. In addition, 38,449 hectares of forest was cut in areas close to existing crops with the aim to expand the plantations<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">IDEAM &#8211; Instituto de Hidrolog\u00eda, M. y E. Ambientales. M. de A. y D. S. de Colombia. 2021. Resultados del Monitoreo de la deforestaci\u00f3n: 1. A\u00f1o 2020. 2. Primer trimestre del a\u00f1o 2021.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Impact on nature and people<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The illicit crops sector does not only deforest &nbsp;to establish plantations, but also for the construction of processing laboratories and the development of illegal roads and clandestine tracks important for both for the mobilisation of drugs and for the invasion of new areas<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">D\u00e1valos, L. M., Sanchez, K. M. &amp; Armenteras, D. (2016). Deforestation and Coca Cultivation Rooted in Twentieth-Century Development Projects. Bioscience 66, 974\u2013982.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Producing cocaine impacts the environment severely. The discharge of chemical substances pollute rivers and affect the physic-chemical conditions of the soil. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eltiempo.com\/vida\/medio-ambiente\/el-24-de-la-deforestacion-en-colombia-esta-asociada-a-cultivos-de-coca-335172\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">It is estimated that 3.5 tons of chemical residues<\/a> are discharged into water sources and soils every year for each hectare of coca processed. Aerial spraying also has a major impact on the environment. In addition to the consequences of spraying illicit crops for biodiversity and other crops, it above all, severely affects the health of the inhabitants of the area<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">WWF. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wwf.org.co\/en\/?366592\/Que-tan-riesgoso-para-la-salud-y-la-naturaleza-es-volver-a-la-aspersion-aerea-con-glifosato\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 tan riesgoso para la salud y la naturaleza es volver a la aspersi\u00f3n a\u00e9rea con glifosato?<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In a region with few economic alternatives for small-scale producers and little infrastructure for production and marketing, coca cultivation and cattle ranching are perceived by many as the only source of income.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:41px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Perfect enclave for a hidden sector<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The Amazon region is a perfect enclave for this hidden sector, as crops are located in jungle areas that are difficult to access, complicating detection and intervention. The Amazonian departments, in addition to presenting the highest deforestation figures at the national level, also contribute 19.5% of the areas planted with coca crops. Putumayo and Caquet\u00e1 present the highest figures: 31,874 hectares of coca were registered in 2021, an increase of 45% compared to the previous year<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">UNODC- SIMCI. (2022).Monitoreo de territorios afectados por cultivos il\u00edcitos Colombia.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The ecosystems of national parks and Indigenous territories are also affected by the invasion of illicit crops. Sierra de La Macarena National Park and the Nukak National Natural, for example, present the highest planting densities of coca plantations<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bernal, J., Sudarsky, J. &amp; G\u00f3mez, C. R. (2021). Illicit Crop Cultivation in Colombia\u2019s National Natural Parks: Dynamics, Drivers, and Policy Responses. Journal of Illicit Economies and&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_9');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The difficult socio-economic situation of Indigenous and peasant communities in Colombia and the weak presence of the state contribute to the illicit crop sector being able to operate without real interference. In a region with few economic alternatives for small-scale producers and little infrastructure for production and marketing, coca cultivation for illicit use and cattle ranching are perceived by many as the only source of income.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gonz\u00e1lez &#8211; Posso, Dar\u00edo. F. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/X7273s\/x7273s06.htm\">La coca, la deforestaci\u00f3n y la seguridad alimentaria en la Amazon\u00eda colombiana<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The cultivation of crops for illicit use is the most profitable agricultural activity in the country\u2019s vulnerable regions<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">CEALDES. (2021). Defending the forest. Dynamics of forest transformation and community-based alternatives in the northwestern Amazon region.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. As analysed in our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-land-grabbing\/\">article on land grabbing<\/a>, peasant communities face many challenges when formally accessing land. Often, they are threatened by armed groups and the alternatives proposed in the peace agreement are not followed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The war on drugs and deforestation<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The Colombian government has carried out strategies to stop deforestation and the expansion of illicit crops. In 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eltiempo.com\/justicia\/conflicto-y-narcotrafico\/operacion-artemisa-asi-funciona-la-campana-contra-deforestacion-en-ff-mm-632814\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Operation Artemisa was launched<\/a>, a military strategy involving more than 23,000 members of the armed forces to stop deforestation and drug trafficking. The results are far from successful. Deforestation grew going from 158,894 hectares in 2019 to 174,103 in 2021<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Tarazona, D. and Parra, J. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2022\/12\/artemisa-radiografia-de-una-operacion-que-no-freno-la-deforestacion-en-colombia\/\">Artemisa: radiograf\u00eda de una operaci\u00f3n gubernamental que no fren\u00f3 la deforestaci\u00f3n en Colombia<\/a>. Mongabay.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The operation has reignited the conflict in the region and Indigenous and peasant communities have <a href=\"https:\/\/caracol.com.co\/radio\/2022\/03\/10\/judicial\/1646950186_150455.html.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">denounced the violation of their rights<\/a>. It has been strongly criticised by human rights organisations<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Agenda Ambiental Campesina, \u00e9tnica y popular.\u00a0 (2021.) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Denuncias-Artemisa.pdf\">Comunicado a la opini\u00f3n p\u00fablica.\u00a0 Denuncias Operaci\u00f3n Artemisa. Meta, Guaviare y Caquet\u00e1.<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Another initiative to put a halt to the Colombian illicit crops sector is the National Plan for the Substitution of Illicit Use Crops (PNIS), conceived within the framework of the Peace Agreement negotiations<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">UNODC.\u00a0 (2020). INFORME No. 23 Monitoreo a la implementaci\u00f3n del Plan de Atenci\u00f3n Inmediata-componente familiar.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The plan seeks to promote the voluntary substitution of illicit crop cultivation by alternative livelihoods<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sanabria, P. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/cods.uniandes.edu.co\/el-peso-de-la-coca-en-la-deforestacion-amazonica\/\">El peso de la coca en la deforestaci\u00f3n amaz\u00f3nica<\/a>. CODS.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. But the conditions of the agreement changed over time, because of which farmers who replaced their coca with another crop under the original rules will no longer be guaranteed land rights. This only further <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elespectador.com\/colombia-20\/paz-y-memoria\/cambios-en-el-programa-de-sustitucion-de-cultivos-de-uso-ilicito-podria-dejar-a-campesinos-excocaleros-sin-tierra\/\">exacerbates land conflicts<\/a>. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>As cocaine continues to be one of the most consumed drugs worldwide, the problems in the Colombian Amazon continue. It is estimated that about 20 million people around the globe use cocaine, mainly in Europe and North America<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_109560_1('footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mowbray, S. 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2022\/07\/el-impacto-medioambiental-de-la-cocaina-en-el-mundo\/\">El impacto medioambiental de la coca\u00edna en el mundo<\/a>. Mongabay<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_109560_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Many of them are likely not aware of the trail of blood, violence, poverty and environmental degradation that it causes in Colombia and other countries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Amazon rights in focus<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Understanding the dynamics of deforestation allows us to move towards the common objective of our project Amazon rights in focus: peoples and forest protection. We work together with <a href=\"https:\/\/fcds.org.co\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La Fundaci\u00f3n para la Conservaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo Sostenible<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ambienteysociedad.org.co\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ambiente y Sociedad<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mongabay<\/a>, to protect the rights of the Colombian Amazon forests, as well as the livelihoods of the Indigenous and local communities depend on these important ecosystems.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In this series, we analyse the causes, consequences and actors involved in each of the main drivers of deforestation in Colombia. Drivers previously discussed in this series:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-land-grabbing\/\">land grabbing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-cattle-ranching\/\">cattle ranching<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-industrial-agriculture\/\">industrial agriculture<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-primary\" id=\"block_54d073ed01c40c6e34fdaac4a1129a76\">\n             <div class=\"dark custom-padding-top\">\n    \n\n\n<div class=\"smallteam-members__name12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n\t<div id=\"team-members-block_e21f2c54b0fc473757e02a2c198f9594\" class=\"team-members team-members-block block\">\n\t\t<span class=\"anchor-id\" id=\"\"><\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"team-members__title\">\n\t\t\t\t<div>More information? 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\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/liliana-jauregui-director\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Liliana \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJauregui<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Director <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a 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medium-6\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image cell shrink\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image-wrapper lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/46IUCN-300418-2-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/46IUCN-300418-2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2560\/2560;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Mariel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCabero<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Expert Environmental Justice<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:mariel.cabero@iucn.nl\">mariel.cabero@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__readmore\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">Volledig profiel<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__socials\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mariel-cabero-ugalde-71829834\/\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-linkedin\" aria-label=\"Linkedin profile of Mariel Cabero\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/linkedin-icon.svg\" alt=\"Linkedin logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"posts related_content small-12\">\n    <div class=\"post__titlebar grid-x\">\n                    <h2 class=\"post__title\">More updates from the Colombian Amazon<\/h2>\n            <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"post__body\">\n                    <div class=\"grid-x grid-margin-x show-for-medium\">\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/survey-results-underscore-continued-pressures-on-civic-spaces\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Survey results underscore continued pressures on civic spaces\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/blog\/promoting-deforestation-free-supply-chains-in-colombia-lessons-from-a-strategic-cross-sectoral-collaboration\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Blog\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Promoting deforestation-free supply chains in Colombia: Lessons from a strategic cross-sectoral collaboration\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/opinion\/recycled-but-not-responsible-loopholes-in-recycled-gold-from-the-amazon\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Opinion\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Recycled but not responsible: loopholes in recycled gold from the Amazon\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/women-in-a-degraded-amazon-struggles-for-land-body-and-nature\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Women in a degraded Amazon: struggles for land, body and nature\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n                <div class=\"orbit\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"More updates from the Colombian Amazon\" data-orbit>\n                    <div class=\"orbit-wrapper\">\n                        <ul class=\"orbit-container\">\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/survey-results-underscore-continued-pressures-on-civic-spaces\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Survey results underscore continued pressures on civic spaces\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/blog\/promoting-deforestation-free-supply-chains-in-colombia-lessons-from-a-strategic-cross-sectoral-collaboration\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Blog\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Promoting deforestation-free supply chains in Colombia: Lessons from a strategic cross-sectoral collaboration\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/opinion\/recycled-but-not-responsible-loopholes-in-recycled-gold-from-the-amazon\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Opinion\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Recycled but not responsible: loopholes in recycled gold from the Amazon\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n       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                                                                Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Women in a degraded Amazon: struggles for land, body and nature\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                <\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <nav class=\"orbit-bullets\">\n                                                                            <button class=\"is-active\" data-slide=\"0\">\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span>\n                            <span 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onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_109560_1();\">Index<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_109560_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_109560_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/h2><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_109560_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Index<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UNODC-SIMCI. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/colombia\/2022\/Octubre\/Otros\/Informe_de_Monitoreo_de_Territorios_Afectados_por_Cultivos_Ilicitos_2021.pdf\">Monitoreo de territorios afectados por cultivos il\u00edcitos Colombia<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mamacoca. (2002). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mamacoca.org\/feb2002\/informe_la_coca_no_es_cocaina.html.\">La coca no es cocaina<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gaia Amazonas. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gaiaamazonas.org\/noticias\/2019-10-09_plantas-sagradas-elemento-clave-para-el-manejo-de-los-territorios-indigenas\/\">Plantas sagradas, elemento clave para el manejo de los Territorios Ind\u00edgenas<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gonz\u00e1lez, J. C.&nbsp; et al. 2018. Caracterizaci\u00f3n de las principales causas y agentes de la deforestaci\u00f3n a nivel nacional per\u00edodo 2005 &#8211; 2015.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">IDEAM &#8211; Instituto de Hidrolog\u00eda, M. y E. Ambientales. M. de A. y D. S. de Colombia. 2021. Resultados del Monitoreo de la deforestaci\u00f3n: 1. A\u00f1o 2020. 2. Primer trimestre del a\u00f1o 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">D\u00e1valos, L. M., Sanchez, K. M. &amp; Armenteras, D. (2016). Deforestation and Coca Cultivation Rooted in Twentieth-Century Development Projects. Bioscience 66, 974\u2013982.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">WWF. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wwf.org.co\/en\/?366592\/Que-tan-riesgoso-para-la-salud-y-la-naturaleza-es-volver-a-la-aspersion-aerea-con-glifosato\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 tan riesgoso para la salud y la naturaleza es volver a la aspersi\u00f3n a\u00e9rea con glifosato?<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UNODC- SIMCI. (2022).Monitoreo de territorios afectados por cultivos il\u00edcitos Colombia.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bernal, J., Sudarsky, J. &amp; G\u00f3mez, C. R. (2021). Illicit Crop Cultivation in Colombia\u2019s National Natural Parks: Dynamics, Drivers, and Policy Responses. Journal of Illicit Economies and Development 3, 22\u201335.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gonz\u00e1lez &#8211; Posso, Dar\u00edo. F. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/X7273s\/x7273s06.htm\">La coca, la deforestaci\u00f3n y la seguridad alimentaria en la Amazon\u00eda colombiana<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">CEALDES. (2021). Defending the forest. Dynamics of forest transformation and community-based alternatives in the northwestern Amazon region.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tarazona, D. and Parra, J. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2022\/12\/artemisa-radiografia-de-una-operacion-que-no-freno-la-deforestacion-en-colombia\/\">Artemisa: radiograf\u00eda de una operaci\u00f3n gubernamental que no fren\u00f3 la deforestaci\u00f3n en Colombia<\/a>. Mongabay.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Agenda Ambiental Campesina, \u00e9tnica y popular.\u00a0 (2021.) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dejusticia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Denuncias-Artemisa.pdf\">Comunicado a la opini\u00f3n p\u00fablica.\u00a0 Denuncias Operaci\u00f3n Artemisa. Meta, Guaviare y Caquet\u00e1.<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UNODC.\u00a0 (2020). INFORME No. 23 Monitoreo a la implementaci\u00f3n del Plan de Atenci\u00f3n Inmediata-componente familiar.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sanabria, P. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/cods.uniandes.edu.co\/el-peso-de-la-coca-en-la-deforestacion-amazonica\/\">El peso de la coca en la deforestaci\u00f3n amaz\u00f3nica<\/a>. CODS.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_109560_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_109560_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mowbray, S. 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2022\/07\/el-impacto-medioambiental-de-la-cocaina-en-el-mundo\/\">El impacto medioambiental de la coca\u00edna en el mundo<\/a>. Mongabay<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_109560_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_109560_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_109560_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_109560_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_109560_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_109560_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_109560_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_109560_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_109560_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_109560_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_109560_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_109560_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_109560_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_109560_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Throughout a series of articles on deforestation, we have seen how the accelerated loss of forests in the Colombian Amazon region is the result of the interrelationship between the global market demand, corruption in government institutions, the socio-economic situation in Colombia\u2019s rural areas and the armed conflict. In this article, we analyse the role of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":109587,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[274],"class_list":["post-109560","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publication","tag-amazon-rights-in-focus"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109560","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109560"}],"version-history":[{"count":53,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109560\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":156711,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109560\/revisions\/156711"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/109587"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109560"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109560"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109560"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}