{"id":153772,"date":"2023-12-05T11:30:31","date_gmt":"2023-12-05T10:30:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/?p=153772"},"modified":"2024-04-09T14:49:52","modified_gmt":"2024-04-09T13:49:52","slug":"drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-minerals-oil-and-gas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-minerals-oil-and-gas\/","title":{"rendered":"Drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon: minerals, oil and gas\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mineral mining and oil and gas exploitation are among the most lucrative sectors in Colombia and attract a large number of legal and illegal investors. Like other drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon, which we analysed in previous articles, the extraction of these resources has a significant impact on forests and the people inhabiting them. The related activities do not only push deforestation, but also cause irreversible damage to quality of ecosystems.<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Text: Mar\u00eda Molina<\/mark><\/em><br><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Header photo: \u00a9<\/mark><\/em> <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Mariel Cabero\/ IUCN NL<\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Minerals, oil and gas in the Amazon<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The Amazon, renowned for its biodiversity, harbors substantial reserves of oil, gas, and minerals. Throughout the Amazon countries, multinational corporations, particularly those operating in Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia, spearhead extensive exploitation of these natural resources. Their activities have a major environmental and social impact<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cepal y Patrimonio Natural. (2013). Amazonia posible y sostenible.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>According to the World Resources Institute, large scale mining concessions in the Amazon region cover an area of approximately 1.3 million square kilometres. It is estimated that 45 percent of this area is being actively exploited, while the remaining 55 percent is classified as pending areas awaiting procedures for the start of activity or open to bidding. Numerous Indigenous territories are affected by the presence of multiple overlapping permits of mining corporations. It is estimated that an area of approximately 57,000 km2, equal to over 10 percent, overlaps with Indigenous land<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">World Resources Institute. (2020).&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/research\/undermining-rights-indigenous-lands-and-mining-amazon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Undermining Rights: Indigenous Lands and Mining in the Amazon<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Mineral reserves of the Amazon include gold, bauxite, copper, coltan, uranium, zinc, coal, gem stones, and building materials<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Finer, M. et al. (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/271515611_Future_of_oil_and_gas_development_in_the_western_Amazon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Future of oil and gas development in the western Amazon<\/a>. Environ. Res. Lett 10, 24003.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. It is estimated that industrial mining concessions cover more than 18 percent of the total area<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">World Resources Institute. (2020)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/research\/undermining-rights-indigenous-lands-and-mining-amazon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Undermining Rights: Indigenous Lands and Mining in the Amazon<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Spreading though the entire region, the oil and gas projects in the extreme west of the Amazon Rainforest currently cover 733,414 km<sup>2<\/sup>. In Colombia, a large part of these activities takes place in the departments of Putumayo, Caquet\u00e1 and Meta<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mining Technology. 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mining-technology.com\/features\/minings-big-environmental-footprint-amazon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mining\u2019s big environmental footprint in the Amazon<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><em>Article continues below map. <\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e42b94c1ddf&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e42b94c1ddf\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"884\" height=\"842\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Official-mining-and-illegal-activities_Source-RAISG.png\" alt=\"Official mining concessions and illegal activities in the Amazon region in 2021. \" class=\"wp-image-153775 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 884px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 884\/842;width:824px;height:auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Official-mining-and-illegal-activities_Source-RAISG.png 884w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Official-mining-and-illegal-activities_Source-RAISG-300x286.png 300w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Official-mining-and-illegal-activities_Source-RAISG-768x732.png 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 884px) 100vw, 884px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Official mining concessions and illegal activities in the Amazon region in 2021. <\/mark><\/em><br><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Source: RAISG via the Amazon Assessment Report 2021. \u00a9 Science Panel for the Amazon<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Between 2001 and 2018, more than 400,000 hectares of forest were destroyed in Colombia. This concerns both direct and indirect deforestation through the construction of associated infrastructure, such as the mining camps and (illegal) roads.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:49px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exploitation rights<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>According to research conducted by World Resources Institute (2020), banks and international investment funds have financed hydrocarbon extraction projects with great economic profit. It is estimated that extraction activities take place in 450,000 km<sup>2<\/sup> of Indigenous territories, affecting 31 percent of their land. Exploitation rights are often granted to foreign companies frequently ignoring the rights of local communities. \u2018Governments own mineral resources, Indigenous peoples cannot prohibit the entry of miners who have government permits, nor can they fully access the minerals in their territories,\u2019 says Patricia Quijano Vallejos, co-author of the study.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The report also indicates a relationship between deforestation and mining. In Colombia, the researchers observed Indigenous territories where mining activities takes place present a deforestation rate twice as high as those without mining. Between 2001 and 2018, more than 400,000 hectares of forest were destroyed. This concerns both direct and indirect deforestation through the construction of associated infrastructure, such as the mining camps and (illegal) roads. This kind of infrastructure paves the way for other extractive activities that further drive deforestation<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">International Crisis Group. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/latin-america-caribbean\/andes\/colombia\/091-broken-canopy-deforestation-and-conflict-colombia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Broken Canopy: Deforestation and Conflict in Colombia<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Illegal and legal activities<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In the Colombian Amazon, mineral and oil exploitation takes place legally and illegally. Large-scale concessions are mostly granted to foreign companies. Only in 2018, 188 mining exploitation titles were registered for 122,571 hectares in mainly the departments of Guain\u00eda, Caquet\u00e1, Putumayo and Guaviare<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sanabria-Cuervo, P. &#8211; CODS. (2021). Miner\u00eda, una amenaza latente para la Amazonia.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The number of applications increases year after year in areas that should be protected. Actors exploiting the Amazon resources illegally make use of heavy machinery in the forest and its rivers to open new fronts for extraction. Both the increase in applications for concessions and illegal activities generates distress within Indigenous and peasant communities, displacing local artisanal miners who have historically utilized traditional, small-scale methods across<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">International Crisis Group. (2021) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/latin-america-caribbean\/andes\/colombia\/091-broken-canopy-deforestation-and-conflict-colombia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Broken Canopy: Deforestation and Conflict in Colombia<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gold mining affects ecosystems and drinking water<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Alluvial mining is used to obtain gold in the Amazon basin and the Atabapo, In\u00edrida, Apaporis, Yar\u00ed, Caquet\u00e1, Putumayo, Pur\u00e9, and Cotuh\u00e9 rivers. With this technique, (parts of the) river bed is removed to search for gold or gem stones. Especially when heavy machinery is used, alluvial mining affects the physical and chemical characteristics of water and riverbeds. In addition, the use of toxic substances, such as mercury, poisons the ecosystem and damage the water source of the people in the area<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">UNODC. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/colombia\/2021\/Agosto\/Colombia_Explotacion_de_Oro_de_Aluvion_EVOA_Evidencias_a_partir_de_percepcion_remota_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Explotaci\u00f3n de oro de aluvi\u00f3n. Evidencias a partir de percepci\u00f3n remota 2020<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>New studies reveal concerning levels of mercury exposure among individuals from the Mira\u00f1a and Bora Indigenous communities<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cambio Colombia. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/cambiocolombia.com\/articulo\/planeta\/la-maldicion-del-rey-midas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La maldici\u00f3n del rey Midas<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The Colombian government prohibited the use and import of mercury in 2021, leading to the rise transnational illegal trafficking networks selling Mexican mercury on the black market in Peru, Bolivia and Colombia<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">WWF. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wwf.org.co\/en\/?360290\/De-donde-viene-el-mercurio-que-envenena-la-Amazonia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00bfDe d\u00f3nde viene el mercurio que envenena la Amazonia<\/a>?<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>For years, Colombia has been one of the countries with the highest number environmental defenders killed. Worldwide, mining and extractives form the second sector linked to deaths of defenders<\/p>\n<\/div><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Indigenous peoples defending their territories<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Because mineral mining and oil extraction are very lucrative businesses, even more than cocaine<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">InSight Crime &amp; Igarap\u00e9 Institute. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/es.insightcrime.org\/investigaciones\/mineria-ilegal-amazonia-colombiana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La miner\u00eda ilegal en la Amazon\u00eda colombiana. <\/a>(2021).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, armed groups have been controlling the exploitation zones and have become investors, leading to acts of violence and intimidation. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Both legal and illegal exploitation of the Amazon\u2019s natural resources, however, are a threat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ambienteysociedad.org.co\/hay-81-resguardos-indigenas-en-riesgo-por-37-contratos-petroleros\/\">to the safety of the regi<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ambienteysociedad.org.co\/hay-81-resguardos-indigenas-en-riesgo-por-37-contratos-petroleros\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">o<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ambienteysociedad.org.co\/hay-81-resguardos-indigenas-en-riesgo-por-37-contratos-petroleros\/\">n\u2019s inhabitants<\/a>. Indigenous communities have responded to these threats by demanding the protection of their territories from extractive activities, for example in the Yaigoj\u00e9 Apaporis Reserve<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gaia Amazonas. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gaiaamazonas.org\/noticias\/2019-07-18_todos-vamos-en-el-mismo-bote-historia-del-resguardo-parque-yaigoje-apaporis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Todos vamos en el mismo bote: Historia del Resguardo &#8211; Parque Yaigoj\u00e9 Apaporis<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The Siona community has organised to defend their ancestral territories from multinationals and organised crime groups that seek participation in these businesses<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cruz, R. \u2013 Verdad Abierta. <a href=\"https:\/\/disputas-tierra-ante-justicia.verdadabierta.com\/los-siona-en-defensa-de-su-territorio-ancestral\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/disputas-tierra-ante-justicia.verdadabierta.com\/los-siona-en-defensa-de-su-territorio-ancestral\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La larga lucha de los Siona en defensa de su territorio ancestral<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>But defending these territories comes with a high price. For years, Colombia has been one of the countries with the highest number environmental defenders killed. Worldwide, mining and extractives form the second sector linked to deaths of defenders<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Global Witness (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/environmental-activists\/decade-defiance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decade of defiance: Ten years of reporting land and&nbsp;environmental activism worldwide<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Small steps forward?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Their and other efforts do lead to small steps forward. In 2021, the Colombian Congress reported an initiative seeking to prohibit oil exploitation in the country\u2019s Amazon region, but up to date there are no indications of its approval<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_153772_1('footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Tarazona, D. &#8211; Mongabay. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2022\/09\/que-implica-el-fallo-que-restringe-la-mineria-en-zonas-de-importancia-ambiental-en-colombia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Colombia: \u00bfQu\u00e9 implica el fallo que restringe la miner\u00eda en zonas de importancia ambiental?<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_153772_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In 2022, the Colombian Council of State decided to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semana.com\/nacion\/articulo\/explotacion-petrolera-quedaria-prohibida-en-la-amazonia\/202135\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">review mining activities<\/a> carried out in areas of environmental importance, thanks to the work of more than seven years of civil society organisations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>But even though the current government has presented a new proposal to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mining.com\/new-draft-decree-proposes-limiting-issuance-of-mining-titles-in-colombias-vulnerable-ecosystems\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">declare temporary protected areas<\/a> to avoid the granting of new concessions in sensitive natural areas, the exploitation rights granted before the application of the proposed law remain. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Amazon rights in focus: peoples and forests protection<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>IUCN NL works with <a href=\"https:\/\/fcds.org.co\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La Fundaci\u00f3n para la Conservaci\u00f3n y el Desarrollo Sostenible<\/a> (FCDS), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ambienteysociedad.org.co\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ambiente y Sociedad<\/a> and news platform <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mongabay<\/a> to protect the Colombian Amazon and the rights of the Indigenous peoples and local communities inhabiting this important region.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In our series \u2018Drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon\u2019 we analyse the different causes of deforestation in the South American country. This article on mining, oil and gas extraction is the final publication in the series.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-land-grabbing\/\">land grabbing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-cattle-ranching\/\">cattle ranching<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-illegal-logging\/\">Illegal logging<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-industrial-agriculture\/\">industrial agriculture<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-colombian-amazon-illicit-crops\/\">crops for illicit use.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e42b94c407f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e42b94c407f\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"4501\" height=\"8442\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-Colombia-Amazon_IUCN-NL-1.png\" alt=\"Drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon\" class=\"wp-image-144167 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 4501px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 4501\/8442;width:756px;height:auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-Colombia-Amazon_IUCN-NL-1.png 4501w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-Colombia-Amazon_IUCN-NL-1-160x300.png 160w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-Colombia-Amazon_IUCN-NL-1-546x1024.png 546w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-Colombia-Amazon_IUCN-NL-1-768x1440.png 768w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-Colombia-Amazon_IUCN-NL-1-819x1536.png 819w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Drivers-of-deforestation-in-the-Colombia-Amazon_IUCN-NL-1-1092x2048.png 1092w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 4501px) 100vw, 4501px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-primary\" 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href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/liliana-jauregui-director\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image-wrapper lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/01\/79IUCN-121222-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/01\/79IUCN-121222-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Liliana Jauregui\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2560\/2560;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/liliana-jauregui-director\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Liliana \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJauregui<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Director <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:liliana.jauregui@iucn.nl\">liliana.jauregui@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__readmore\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/liliana-jauregui-director\/\" target=\"\">Full profile<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__socials\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/liliana-jauregui-bordones-b3b16019\/?originalSubdomain=nl\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-linkedin\" aria-label=\"Linkedin profile of Liliana  Jauregui\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/linkedin-icon.svg\" alt=\"Linkedin logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/lilitjejauregui\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-twitter\" aria-label=\"Twitter profile of Liliana  Jauregui\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/twitter-icon.svg\" alt=\"Twitter logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Related resources:<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Report: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/03\/regional_mercury_report_suriname.pdf\">The political ecology of mercury within the small-scale gold sector<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Report: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/iucn-nl-sheds-light-on-the-formal-and-informal-mercury-trade\/\">Opening the black box: Local insights into the formal and informal global mercury trade<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Story: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/using-evidence-and-the-media-to-eliminate-mercury-in-bolivia\/\">Using evidence and the media to eliminate mercury in Bolivia<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Website: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lasrutasdeloro.com\/\">Las rutas del oro<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"posts related_content small-12\">\n    <div class=\"post__titlebar grid-x\">\n                    <h2 class=\"post__title\">More stories from the Amazon<\/h2>\n            <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"post__body\">\n                    <div class=\"grid-x grid-margin-x show-for-medium\">\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/survey-results-underscore-continued-pressures-on-civic-spaces\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Survey results underscore continued pressures on civic spaces\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/blog\/promoting-deforestation-free-supply-chains-in-colombia-lessons-from-a-strategic-cross-sectoral-collaboration\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Blog\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Promoting deforestation-free supply chains in Colombia: Lessons from a strategic cross-sectoral collaboration\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/opinion\/recycled-but-not-responsible-loopholes-in-recycled-gold-from-the-amazon\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Opinion\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Recycled but not responsible: loopholes in recycled gold from the Amazon\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/women-in-a-degraded-amazon-struggles-for-land-body-and-nature\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Women in a degraded Amazon: struggles for land, body and nature\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n                <div class=\"orbit\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"More stories from the Amazon\" data-orbit>\n                    <div class=\"orbit-wrapper\">\n                        <ul class=\"orbit-container\">\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/survey-results-underscore-continued-pressures-on-civic-spaces\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/12\/protest-mining-in-the-Philippines-\u00a9-ATM-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Survey results underscore continued pressures on civic spaces\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/blog\/promoting-deforestation-free-supply-chains-in-colombia-lessons-from-a-strategic-cross-sectoral-collaboration\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-13-141352-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Blog\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Promoting deforestation-free supply chains in Colombia: Lessons from a strategic cross-sectoral collaboration\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/opinion\/recycled-but-not-responsible-loopholes-in-recycled-gold-from-the-amazon\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Gold-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios-Photo-Tom-Laffay-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Opinion\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Recycled but not responsible: loopholes in recycled gold from the Amazon\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publication\/women-in-a-degraded-amazon-struggles-for-land-body-and-nature\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Women-in-a-degraded-Amazon_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publications\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Women in a degraded Amazon: struggles for land, body and nature\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                <\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <nav class=\"orbit-bullets\">\n                                                                            <button class=\"is-active\" data-slide=\"0\">\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span>\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\" data-slide-active-label><\/span>\n                        <\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"1\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"2\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"3\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                <\/nav>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><h2><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_153772_1();\">Index<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_153772_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_153772_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/h2><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_153772_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Index<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cepal y Patrimonio Natural. (2013). Amazonia posible y sostenible.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">World Resources Institute. (2020).&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/research\/undermining-rights-indigenous-lands-and-mining-amazon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Undermining Rights: Indigenous Lands and Mining in the Amazon<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Finer, M. et al. (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/271515611_Future_of_oil_and_gas_development_in_the_western_Amazon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Future of oil and gas development in the western Amazon<\/a>. Environ. Res. Lett 10, 24003.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">World Resources Institute. (2020)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/research\/undermining-rights-indigenous-lands-and-mining-amazon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Undermining Rights: Indigenous Lands and Mining in the Amazon<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mining Technology. 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mining-technology.com\/features\/minings-big-environmental-footprint-amazon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mining\u2019s big environmental footprint in the Amazon<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">International Crisis Group. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/latin-america-caribbean\/andes\/colombia\/091-broken-canopy-deforestation-and-conflict-colombia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Broken Canopy: Deforestation and Conflict in Colombia<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sanabria-Cuervo, P. &#8211; CODS. (2021). Miner\u00eda, una amenaza latente para la Amazonia.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">International Crisis Group. (2021) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/latin-america-caribbean\/andes\/colombia\/091-broken-canopy-deforestation-and-conflict-colombia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Broken Canopy: Deforestation and Conflict in Colombia<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UNODC. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/colombia\/2021\/Agosto\/Colombia_Explotacion_de_Oro_de_Aluvion_EVOA_Evidencias_a_partir_de_percepcion_remota_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Explotaci\u00f3n de oro de aluvi\u00f3n. Evidencias a partir de percepci\u00f3n remota 2020<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cambio Colombia. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/cambiocolombia.com\/articulo\/planeta\/la-maldicion-del-rey-midas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La maldici\u00f3n del rey Midas<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">WWF. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wwf.org.co\/en\/?360290\/De-donde-viene-el-mercurio-que-envenena-la-Amazonia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00bfDe d\u00f3nde viene el mercurio que envenena la Amazonia<\/a>?<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">InSight Crime &amp; Igarap\u00e9 Institute. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/es.insightcrime.org\/investigaciones\/mineria-ilegal-amazonia-colombiana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La miner\u00eda ilegal en la Amazon\u00eda colombiana. <\/a>(2021).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gaia Amazonas. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gaiaamazonas.org\/noticias\/2019-07-18_todos-vamos-en-el-mismo-bote-historia-del-resguardo-parque-yaigoje-apaporis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Todos vamos en el mismo bote: Historia del Resguardo &#8211; Parque Yaigoj\u00e9 Apaporis<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cruz, R. \u2013 Verdad Abierta. <a href=\"https:\/\/disputas-tierra-ante-justicia.verdadabierta.com\/los-siona-en-defensa-de-su-territorio-ancestral\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/disputas-tierra-ante-justicia.verdadabierta.com\/los-siona-en-defensa-de-su-territorio-ancestral\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La larga lucha de los Siona en defensa de su territorio ancestral<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Global Witness (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/environmental-activists\/decade-defiance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decade of defiance: Ten years of reporting land and&nbsp;environmental activism worldwide<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_153772_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_153772_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tarazona, D. &#8211; Mongabay. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/es.mongabay.com\/2022\/09\/que-implica-el-fallo-que-restringe-la-mineria-en-zonas-de-importancia-ambiental-en-colombia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Colombia: \u00bfQu\u00e9 implica el fallo que restringe la miner\u00eda en zonas de importancia ambiental?<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_153772_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_153772_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_153772_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_153772_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_153772_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_153772_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_153772_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_153772_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_153772_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_153772_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_153772_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_153772_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_153772_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_153772_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mineral mining and oil and gas exploitation are among the most lucrative sectors in Colombia and attract a large number of legal and illegal investors. Like other drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon, which we analysed in previous articles, the extraction of these resources has a significant impact on forests and the people inhabiting [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":153803,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[274,183],"class_list":["post-153772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publication","tag-amazon-rights-in-focus","tag-human-rights-and-nature"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/153772","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=153772"}],"version-history":[{"count":66,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/153772\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":167561,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/153772\/revisions\/167561"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/153803"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=153772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=153772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=153772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}