{"id":162076,"date":"2024-03-01T13:38:10","date_gmt":"2024-03-01T12:38:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/?p=162076"},"modified":"2025-08-18T08:23:56","modified_gmt":"2025-08-18T07:23:56","slug":"the-impact-of-deep-sea-mining-on-biodiversity-climate-and-human-cultures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/the-impact-of-deep-sea-mining-on-biodiversity-climate-and-human-cultures\/","title":{"rendered":"The impact of deep-sea mining on biodiversity, climate and human cultures"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The demand for metals like nickel, manganese and lithium is increasing for the production of batteries, solar panels,<\/strong> <strong>smartphones, and military weapons. Currently, there is a growing interest in the mineral deposits of the deep sea. This article sheds light on the potential impact deep-sea mining would have on biodiversity, the climate and human cultures.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c797c10678761bc991e2f7aea929dd50\"><em>Header photo: A Chaunacops, <strong>\u00a9<\/strong> ROV SuBastian \/ Schmidt Ocean (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Institute Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY-NC-SA)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Deep-sea mining is the practice of removing metals and minerals from the ocean&#8217;s seabed at depths of more than 200 metres. There are different types of deep-sea mining, defined by the type of ore targeted for exploitation. The most advanced in terms of technology and process at the International Seabed Authority (ISA) is polymetallic nodule mining.&nbsp;But there are also deep-sea mining plans to mine the cobalt-rich crusts of seamounts&nbsp;and hydrothermal vents for polymetallic sulphides.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Deposits of these metals and minerals like manganese, nickel and cobalt have built up on the seafloor over millions of years and these minerals are being sought after by mining companies under claims that these minerals are needed to fulfil the supply chain needs for manufacturers of Electric Vehicles and clean energy infrastructure. However, reports and experts continue to highlight that deep-sea minerals is not necessary for the green transition<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/easac.eu\/publications\/details\/deep-sea-mining-assessing-evidence-on-future-needs-and-environmental-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/easac.eu\/publications\/details\/deep-sea-mining-assessing-evidence-on-future-needs-and-environmental-impacts<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Deep-sea mining is still in the experimental stage, and the impacts on deep-sea ecosystems and the climate remain largely unknown, but existing information has led scientists to warn that biodiversity loss will be inevitable \u2013 and most likely irreversible<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/savethehighseas.org\/deep-sea-mining\/impacts-of-deep-sea-mining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/savethehighseas.org\/deep-sea-mining\/impacts-of-deep-sea-mining\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In January 2024, Dutch research confirmed the risks for species living in the deep-sea<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source&nbsp;: <a href=\"https:\/\/nos.nl\/artikel\/2506863-oceaanbodem-barst-van-het-leven-dilemma-voor-winning-kostbare-metalen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nos.nl\/artikel\/2506863-oceaanbodem-barst-van-het-leven-dilemma-voor-winning-kostbare-metalen<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Polymetallic nodules<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Deposits of metals and minerals have developed into polymetallic nodules that vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than 20 centimetres across. However, most nodules are between 3 and 10 cm in diameter. They lie on the seabed sediment, often partly or completely buried. They vary greatly in abundance, in some cases touching one another and covering more than 70% of the sea floor surface. Polymetallic nodules are found in both shallow (e.g. the Baltic Sea) and deeper waters (e.g. the central Pacific).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e5d4a92d887&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e5d4a92d887\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-1-deep-sea-explainer.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-263677 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-1-deep-sea-explainer.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-1-deep-sea-explainer-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-1-deep-sea-explainer-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-1-deep-sea-explainer-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-1-deep-sea-explainer-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1920px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1920\/1080;\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Location of deep sea minerals and countries with exploration licenses<\/strong> <strong>\u00a9 Thisuri Yasindra Fernando<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Plumes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e5d4a92e748&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e5d4a92e748\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1010\" height=\"1280\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-2-deep-sea-explainer.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-263682 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1010px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1010\/1280;width:279px;height:auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-2-deep-sea-explainer.jpg 1010w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-2-deep-sea-explainer-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-2-deep-sea-explainer-808x1024.jpg 808w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-2-deep-sea-explainer-768x973.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1010px) 100vw, 1010px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>The effects of plumes and noise as a result of deep sea mining. A sediment plume in the deep sea potentially effects individual organisms, but also populations and ecosystem services. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div style=\"height:41px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Exploration and exploitation activities by huge machines are creating plumes of fine particles, which will travel across the seabed away from the mined area. In addition, the ore slurry transported to a ship at the sea surface needs to be dewatered and the waste water is returned to the sea, creating a discharge plume with a&nbsp; mixture of dissolved material and suspended particles of a range of sizes (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Lwq1j3nOODA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">see animation<\/a>). A more turbulent environment delays the settling of particles on the seabed by stirring them higher into the water column. This spreads the impact of the plume over a wider area while also reducing its intensity. Modelling suggests that the plumes could cover an area several tens of thousands of square kilometres beyond mining sites, with sediment levels in the water far exceeding the amount that animals in the area have adapted to<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eu-midas.net\/sites\/default\/files\/downloads\/MIDAS_research_highlights_low_res.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.eu-midas.net\/sites\/default\/files\/downloads\/MIDAS_research_highlights_low_res.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Deep Sea Ecosystems<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The deep sea is considered the least explored biome on Earth. Conditions within the deep sea are a combination of low temperatures, darkness, and high pressure. The extreme conditions make the environment difficult to access and explore and therefore very little is known about deep-sea ecosystems. The lowest ecological zone in a water body is called the benthic zone that also involves the sediments at the seafloor. Benthic biodiversity plays an important regulatory role in marine ecosystem functioning, including the transport of energy, solutes and materials within sediments and across the sediment\u2013water interface. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Researchers have revealed an astonishing diversity of microscopic life thriving in the benthic zone<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/dna-shed-by-deep-sea-organisms-reveals-an-abyss-teeming-with-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/dna-shed-by-deep-sea-organisms-reveals-an-abyss-teeming-with-life<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.They sampled the ocean floor at hundreds of points throughout the world and analysed the sediment collected at each spot for environmental DNA (eDNA). The researchers concluded that nearly two-third of the benthic diversity cannot be assigned to any known biological group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Other researchers have demonstrated that polymetallic nodule fields are hotspots of abundance and diversity<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-06-polymetallic-nodule-fields-hotspots-abundance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-06-polymetallic-nodule-fields-hotspots-abundance.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.Much of the highly vulnerable fauna lives <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/shorts\/_eX3zF_B648\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">attached to nodules<\/a> or in the sediment immediately beneath it. The majority of species are yet to be discovered but scientists think that as many as 10 million species may inhabit the deep sea. A recent study concluded that over 90% of the species observed within the Clarion Clipperton Zone,&nbsp;one of the first potential areas to be open to commercial deep-sea mining, are currently undescribed by science, highlighting just how little we know about deep-sea ecosystems<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">&nbsp;Source&nbsp;: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2023.04.052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2023.04.052<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/27328633083_5db3eed361_k-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-162088 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/27328633083_5db3eed361_k-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/27328633083_5db3eed361_k-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/27328633083_5db3eed361_k-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/27328633083_5db3eed361_k-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/27328633083_5db3eed361_k.jpg 1920w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/576;\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>A hydromedusa, seen at just over 3900 m and just above the seafloor along the west wall of Mona Canyon. <em>\u00a9<\/em> NOAA OKEANOS EXPLORER Program, Oceano Profundo 2015; Exploring Puerto Rico&#8217;s Seamounts, Trenches, and Troughs<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/19591959919_430ffeac5e_o1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-162091 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/19591959919_430ffeac5e_o1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/19591959919_430ffeac5e_o1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/19591959919_430ffeac5e_o1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/19591959919_430ffeac5e_o1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/19591959919_430ffeac5e_o1.jpg 1920w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/576;\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Batfish (Halieutichthys sp.). <em>\u00a9<\/em>NOAA OKEANOS EXPLORER Program, Gulf of Mexico 2014 Expedition<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Although more research is needed on the (long-term) impact of deep sea mining, scientists continue to warn there are serious concerns over the multiple impacts the activity would have. The most direct impact from deep-sea mining would be the loss of species and the fragmentation or loss of ecosystem structure and function. The noise of the machinery would affect wildlife, the scraping off of the seabed would kill animals and plants, and the sediment plumes smother and impact marine life of all zones of the ocean. The damage caused to the deep-sea ecosystems would most likely be permanent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Deep-sea mining would also effect the higher ocean levels. Cumulative pressures from overfishing, climate change and pollution are putting the oceans and all marine life at risk of collapse. Deep-sea mining is a relatively new addition to the list of threats facing the oceans, but their effects could be catastrophic.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Scientists have divided the ocean into five main layers, known as &#8220;zones&#8221;. The surface layer of the ocean is known as the epipelagic zone and extends from the surface to 200 meters. It is also known as the sunlight zone because this is where most of the visible light exists. With the light comes heat. According to the UN Environmental Programme (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/environment\/resources\/Marine-Protected-Areas-Policy-Highlights.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNEP<\/a>), 60% of the world\u2019s major marine ecosystems in the sunlight zone have been degraded or are being used unsustainably. Since the 1980\u2019s an estimated 20% of global mangroves have been lost and 19% of coral reefs have disappeared. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.org\/press-release\/202212\/human-activity-devastating-marine-species-mammals-corals-iucn-red-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">IUCN<\/a> has assessed that nearly 10% (over 1,550 of the 17,903 marine animals and plants assessed) of global marine species are at risk of extinction.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e5d4a93070c&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e5d4a93070c\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"900\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-3-deep-sea-explainer.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-263680 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 560\/900;width:232px;height:auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-3-deep-sea-explainer.jpg 560w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Image-3-deep-sea-explainer-187x300.jpg 187w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong>Deep sea zones<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>As we dive deeper into largely unexplored places, the temperature drops and the pressure increases at an astounding rate. At the most extreme depths where light can no longer penetrate, some of the most bizarre and fascinating creatures in the sea can be found. The ISA is working on a Mining Code deep-sea mining international waters. In 2024, the member states of the ISA Assembly will meet to discuss the impact deep-sea&nbsp;mining would have on the marine environment. Many experts hope this will lead to a \u2018precautionary pause\u2019 or moratorium. To date,<a href=\"https:\/\/savethehighseas.org\/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians\/\"> <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/savethehighseas.org\/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24 countries have called for a moratorium<\/a> or pause on the industry. While the ISA is working on its code for the international waters, countries could already start mining projects in their own domestically controlled waters<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/insights\/deep-sea-mining-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.wri.org\/insights\/deep-sea-mining-explained<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Impact of deep-sea mining on climate<\/strong> <\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Deep-sea mining could have a harmful impact on the climate. Not only is deep-sea mining an energy-intensive industry with high greenhouse gas emissions, but disruption of the ocean floor, which is by far the largest carbon storage reservoir on Earth, can lead to reduced carbon sequestration as well as the release of large amounts of the potent greenhouse gas methane, exacerbating the climate crisis<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">&nbsp;Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2024-01-disturbing-seabed-climate-worse.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2024-01-disturbing-seabed-climate-worse.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Local communities<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>An area of particular interest to companies in deep-sea mining is the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean. So far, already 17 deep-sea mining contractors received exploration contracts for this zone, their combined exploration areas covering approximately 1 million square kilometres<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/exploration-contracts\/polymetallic-nodules\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/exploration-contracts\/polymetallic-nodules\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>,<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Pacific Peoples view themselves as custodians, not owners, of the ocean and its resources. This relationship links to traditional Indigenous understandings of the interconnected nature of the ocean, and how it serves as a network to reefs, and other shallow waters<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_162076_1('footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/pacificpeoplespartnership.org\/deep-sea-mining-in-tonga-nauru-and-kiribati\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/pacificpeoplespartnership.org\/deep-sea-mining-in-tonga-nauru-and-kiribati\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_162076_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Understandably, many members of civil society and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blueclimateinitiative.org\/say-no-to-deep-sea-mining#:~:text=Indigenous%20Voices%20for%20a%20Ban%20on%20Deep%20Sea%20Mining&amp;text=Cultures%20across%20the%20Pacific%20consider,a%20member%20of%20our%20family.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">traditional leaders <\/a>have spoken out against deep-sea mining, largely out of concern for the health of their protected waters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In Papua New Guinea, the <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2023\/08\/deep-sea-mining-project-in-png-resurfaces-despite-community-opposition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Alliance of Solwara Warriors<\/a> &#8211; comprising NGOs, Indigenous communities and religious groups across several island provinces \u2013 is demanding a permanent ban on deep-sea mining within PNG waters. The Alliance calls the deep-sea environment the \u201ccommon heritage of mankind\u201d and states that the world should \u201cnot even think about mining those areas.\u201d They fear that the government is only focused on the return on investment they will get from deep-sea mining and are not concerned about people\u2019s livelihoods. \u201cWe should be the guardian of the resources that creation has offered us. And not everything that we have is for monetary value.\u201d The <a href=\"https:\/\/miningwatch.ca\/news\/2021\/2\/11\/sinking-seabed-mining-papua-new-guinean-australian-and-new-zealand-civil-society\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Alliance of Solwara Warriors<\/a> argues that PNG has no need for seabed mining. \u201cWe are blessed with abundant fisheries, productive agricultural lands and marine life. Seabed mining would benefit only a small number of people who are already wealthy and not bring prosperity to our communities and Indigenous ways of life.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-secondary\" id=\"block_06f4587e5a9910d508db564c9b9328cb\">\n             <div class=\"dark custom-padding-top\">\n    \n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Call to action<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Deep sea mining would not only result in the irreversible loss of species and damage the seabed for thousands of years, it would potentially result in negative consequences for the rest of the ocean, the climate, and the millions of people who depend on its health.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The world has a responsibility to care for the well-being of the marine ecosystems and of the people who rely upon and are connected to those spaces. We should protect the ocean environment from deep-sea&nbsp;mining and put people and places over profits.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>At the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Marseille (September 2021), IUCN Members adopted <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-07\/iucn-issues-brief_dsm_update_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Resolution 122<\/a> to protect deep-ocean ecosystems and biodiversity through a moratorium on deep-sea mining unless and until (amongst others) the risks of mining are comprehensively understood and effective protection can be ensured, and Policies incorporating circular economic principles to reuse and recycle minerals have been developed and implemented.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>We urge the public- and business sectors in The Netherlands, the European Union and elsewhere to respect and extend the moratorium on deep-sea mining and prevent multiple impacts of seabed mining &#8211; the loss of species, the fragmentation or loss of ecosystem structure and function, and the loss of livelihoods for people who rely upon and are connected to those spaces.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bottom Line!<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>There is no doubt that we need to accelerate the transition from fossil to renewable energy. However, the demand for certain raw materials is rising dramatically because of the energy transition. These raw materials are often extracted in areas with unique biodiversity, such as tropical forest, which leads to large-scale nature destruction. This is nature that we can\u2019t do without: it provides millions of people with food and clean drinking water and helps us fight climate change. That is why, with the project Bottom Line!, a coalition of Dutch and international civil society organizations is working towards a fair energy transition with the least possible impact on people and nature. Both in the Netherlands and in the countries where the raw materials are extracted.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The Bottom Line! coalition consists of the following organizations: Alliance for Tompotika Conservation (AlTo) Indonesia, Alyansa Tigil Mina (ATM) Philippines, A Rocha Ghana, Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC), IUCN NL, Natuur &amp; Milieu and Stop Ecocide NL. Bottom Line! is made possible with support from the National Postcode Lottery.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"751\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NPL-EN-1-1024x751.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-99494 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/751;width:210px;height:auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NPL-EN-1-1024x751.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NPL-EN-1-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NPL-EN-1-768x563.png 768w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NPL-EN-1-1536x1127.png 1536w, 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src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2560\/2560;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/marianne-de-beer\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Marianne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tde Beer<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Communications Manager<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:marianne.debeer@iucn.nl\">marianne.debeer@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__readmore\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/marianne-de-beer\/\" target=\"\">Full profile<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__socials\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/marianne-de-beer\/\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-linkedin\" aria-label=\"Linkedin profile of Marianne de Beer\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/linkedin-icon.svg\" alt=\"Linkedin 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src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2560\/2560;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mark-van-der-wal\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Mark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvan der Wal<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Senior Expert Ecosystems &#038; Extractives<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:mark.vanderwal@iucn.nl\">mark.vanderwal@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__readmore\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mark-van-der-wal\/\" target=\"\">Full profile<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__socials\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/nl.linkedin.com\/in\/mark-van-der-wal-4a809123\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-linkedin\" aria-label=\"Linkedin profile of Mark van der Wal\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/linkedin-icon.svg\" alt=\"Linkedin logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"posts related_content small-12\">\n    <div class=\"post__titlebar grid-x\">\n            <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"post__body\">\n                    <div class=\"grid-x grid-margin-x show-for-medium\">\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/iucn-members-adopt-resolution-to-safeguard-biodiversity-and-human-rights-in-energy-transition-mineral-governance\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    News\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            IUCN members adopt resolution to safeguard biodiversity and human rights in energy transition mineral governance\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/guilty-or-not-guilty-the-audience-judges-on-ecocide-in-fictional-trial\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/headerphoto-mocktrial-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/headerphoto-mocktrial-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/headerphoto-mocktrial-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    News\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Guilty or not guilty? \u00a0The audience judges on ecocide in fictional trial\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/third-ocean-conference-in-nice-navigating-hope-and-gaps-in-ocean-governance\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Deep-sea-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Deep-sea-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Deep-sea-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    News\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Third Ocean Conference in Nice: navigating hope and gaps in ocean governance\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/this-is-not-a-trial-a-fictional-case-on-ecocide\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mock-Trial-Tompotika--scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mock-Trial-Tompotika--scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mock-Trial-Tompotika--scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    News\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            &#8216;THIS IS NOT A TRIAL&#8217; &#8211; A fictional case on ecocide\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n                <div class=\"orbit\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"\" data-orbit>\n                    <div class=\"orbit-wrapper\">\n                        <ul class=\"orbit-container\">\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/iucn-members-adopt-resolution-to-safeguard-biodiversity-and-human-rights-in-energy-transition-mineral-governance\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    News\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            IUCN members adopt resolution to safeguard biodiversity and human rights in energy transition mineral governance\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/guilty-or-not-guilty-the-audience-judges-on-ecocide-in-fictional-trial\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/headerphoto-mocktrial-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/headerphoto-mocktrial-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/headerphoto-mocktrial-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    News\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Guilty or not guilty? \u00a0The audience judges on ecocide in fictional trial\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/third-ocean-conference-in-nice-navigating-hope-and-gaps-in-ocean-governance\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Deep-sea-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Deep-sea-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Deep-sea-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    News\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Third Ocean Conference in Nice: navigating hope and gaps in ocean governance\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/this-is-not-a-trial-a-fictional-case-on-ecocide\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mock-Trial-Tompotika--scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mock-Trial-Tompotika--scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mock-Trial-Tompotika--scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    News\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            &#8216;THIS IS NOT A TRIAL&#8217; &#8211; A fictional case on ecocide\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                <\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <nav class=\"orbit-bullets\">\n                                                                            <button class=\"is-active\" data-slide=\"0\">\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span>\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\" data-slide-active-label><\/span>\n                        <\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"1\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"2\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"3\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                <\/nav>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><h2><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_162076_1();\">Index<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_162076_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_162076_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/h2><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_162076_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Index<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/easac.eu\/publications\/details\/deep-sea-mining-assessing-evidence-on-future-needs-and-environmental-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/easac.eu\/publications\/details\/deep-sea-mining-assessing-evidence-on-future-needs-and-environmental-impacts<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/savethehighseas.org\/deep-sea-mining\/impacts-of-deep-sea-mining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/savethehighseas.org\/deep-sea-mining\/impacts-of-deep-sea-mining\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source&nbsp;: <a href=\"https:\/\/nos.nl\/artikel\/2506863-oceaanbodem-barst-van-het-leven-dilemma-voor-winning-kostbare-metalen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/nos.nl\/artikel\/2506863-oceaanbodem-barst-van-het-leven-dilemma-voor-winning-kostbare-metalen<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eu-midas.net\/sites\/default\/files\/downloads\/MIDAS_research_highlights_low_res.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.eu-midas.net\/sites\/default\/files\/downloads\/MIDAS_research_highlights_low_res.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/dna-shed-by-deep-sea-organisms-reveals-an-abyss-teeming-with-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/dna-shed-by-deep-sea-organisms-reveals-an-abyss-teeming-with-life<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-06-polymetallic-nodule-fields-hotspots-abundance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-06-polymetallic-nodule-fields-hotspots-abundance.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&nbsp;Source&nbsp;: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2023.04.052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2023.04.052<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wri.org\/insights\/deep-sea-mining-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.wri.org\/insights\/deep-sea-mining-explained<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&nbsp;Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2024-01-disturbing-seabed-climate-worse.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2024-01-disturbing-seabed-climate-worse.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/exploration-contracts\/polymetallic-nodules\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/exploration-contracts\/polymetallic-nodules\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_162076_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_162076_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_162076_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/pacificpeoplespartnership.org\/deep-sea-mining-in-tonga-nauru-and-kiribati\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/pacificpeoplespartnership.org\/deep-sea-mining-in-tonga-nauru-and-kiribati\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_162076_1() { 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Currently, there is a growing interest in the mineral deposits of the deep sea. This article sheds light on the potential impact deep-sea mining would have on biodiversity, the climate and human cultures. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":162086,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[309,184,290,197],"class_list":["post-162076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-story","tag-bottom-line","tag-mining","tag-responsible-mining","tag-responsible-value-chains"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/162076","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=162076"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/162076\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":321833,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/162076\/revisions\/321833"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/162086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=162076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=162076"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=162076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}