{"id":165391,"date":"2024-03-26T17:18:54","date_gmt":"2024-03-26T16:18:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/?p=165391"},"modified":"2025-05-06T15:19:30","modified_gmt":"2025-05-06T14:19:30","slug":"situation-of-women-defenders-in-madre-de-dios-a-call-for-collective-action","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/situation-of-women-defenders-in-madre-de-dios-a-call-for-collective-action\/","title":{"rendered":"Situation of women defenders in Madre de Dios: a call for collective action"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In Madre de Dios, covering over 3.8 million hectares of the Peruvian Amazon, environmental and human rights defenders protect their territories against the backdrop of illegal mining. The region hosts one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world. It is threatened, however, by illegal extractive activities that not only compromise the forest\u2019s ecological integrity, but also the safety and health of its inhabitants. \u2018The challenging but determined journey of women environmental defenders in Madre de Dios clearly resonates with the global fight to safeguard nature. It is a call for collective action towards environmental justice and gender equality,\u2019 says Mariel Cabero, expert environmental justice at IUCN NL.<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Header photo: Isabel Yalico, Coordinator of del Comit\u00e9 de Gestion de la Reserva Nacional Tambopata in Madre de Dios. \u00a9 Giancarlo Shibayama<\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>A gender baseline study of IUCN NL, carried out by Eliana Rojas Torres, gathered data about the struggles of women environmental defenders in Madre de Dios. This study, part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/project\/pidda-strengthening-environmental-defenders\/\">PIDDA programme<\/a>, has compiled data from interviews, focal groups and fieldwork<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_165391_1('footnote_plugin_reference_165391_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_165391_1('footnote_plugin_reference_165391_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_165391_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_165391_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The study was made within native communities of FENAMAD and the amortiguation area of Tambopata.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_165391_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_165391_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> to reveal the systemic obstacles these women defenders face, including legal and administrative obstacles and gender-based violence. Results shows that their story is not just one of adversity, says Mariel Cabero, but also \u2018one of resilience and a determined fight for environmental justice and gender justice. The situation in Madre de Dios serves as a case study and a reminder of the urgent need for an integrated approach that addresses the environmental, legal and social challenges faced by women environmental defenders.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>\u2018Women\u2019s fight for their territories is intertwined with their struggles for gender equality and recognition of their rights.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div><cite>Mariel Cabero, expert environmental justice<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:51px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br>Exacerbating gender dynamics<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Women defenders, often on the frontline, encounter systemic obstacles exacerbating the dynamics that put them in a vulnerable position, such as socio-economic inequalities and cultural norms that marginalise their voices. \u2018Factors like class and ethnicity intersect with gender, further complicating the disparities and risks women face,\u2019 explains Cabero. \u2018Their fight for their territories is thus intertwined with their struggles for gender equality and recognition of their rights.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-primary\" id=\"block_a1087c4f901c8dbf2bc480949befdde0\">\n             <div class=\"dark custom-padding-top\">\n    \n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Challenging context of Madre de Dios: illegal gold mining<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Recent reports, including those of Global Witness,<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_165391_1('footnote_plugin_reference_165391_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_165391_1('footnote_plugin_reference_165391_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_165391_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_165391_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Global Witness. (2023). Standing firm: The Land and Environmental Defenders on the frontlines of the climate crisis. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/environmental-activists\/standing-firm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link to report<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_165391_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_165391_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> have underscored Peru as one of the top ten most dangerous countries for environmental defenders, with Madre de Dios being particularly risky. Since April 2020, the country has seen seventeen environmental defenders killed, highlighting the extreme risks associated with protecting this key ecosystem. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Legal and illegal gold mining is the most impactful industry in Madre de Dios. Because of their often already complicated situation, women are differently affected than men by gold mining and related activities.&nbsp; The use of mercury in gold extraction \u2014 estimated at 45 to 50 tonnes annually in the region alone<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_165391_1('footnote_plugin_reference_165391_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_165391_1('footnote_plugin_reference_165391_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_165391_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_165391_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gardner, E. (2012). Peru battles the golden curse of Madre de Dios. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/486306a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link to article<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_165391_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_165391_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \u2014 poses a severe risk, contaminating water sources and leading to health hazards among the local communities. Studies have shown that in gold mining regions, communities can have mercury levels that are significantly higher than the limits recommended by the World Health Organisation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"666\" height=\"666\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Illegal-mining-in-the-Tambopata-river_-Photo-Diego-Perez-SDPA-edited.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-165380 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Illegal-mining-in-the-Tambopata-river_-Photo-Diego-Perez-SDPA-edited.jpg 666w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Illegal-mining-in-the-Tambopata-river_-Photo-Diego-Perez-SDPA-edited-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Illegal-mining-in-the-Tambopata-river_-Photo-Diego-Perez-SDPA-edited-150x150.jpg 150w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 666px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 666\/666;\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Illegal mining in Madre de Dios \u00a9 Diego Perez \/ SDPA<\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"633\" height=\"633\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Illegal-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios_-Photo-Diego-Perez-SDPA-edited.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-165382 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Illegal-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios_-Photo-Diego-Perez-SDPA-edited.jpg 633w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Illegal-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios_-Photo-Diego-Perez-SDPA-edited-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Illegal-mining-in-Madre-de-Dios_-Photo-Diego-Perez-SDPA-edited-150x150.jpg 150w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 633px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 633\/633;\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\"><\/mark><\/mark><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Women face different types of violence<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Study results confirm that women in Madre de Dios face different types of violence impeding their basic rights and freedoms. Driven by a complex interplay of factors such as gender inequality, patriarchal norms and illicit and extractive activities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Below we share overview of the various forms of violence women in Madre de Dios endure, highlighting the profound challenges &nbsp;women environmental defenders face in their struggle to defend their territories and livelihoods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Obstruction of freedom of movement and autonomy<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:11px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Women&#8217;s freedom to move through their territories is compromised by the presence of miners, loggers, and criminal gangs, limiting their access to essential services and daily activities. For instance, traveling to agricultural fields or attending educational institutions has become fraught with danger, forcing some to abandon their studies or alter their routines drastically.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Environmental violence<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:11px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The illegal mining and deforestation degrades rivers and land, vital sources for community\u2019s livelihoods. Women are confronted differently with the direct consequences of such pollution, for example by decreased food security due to contaminated water and fish.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Criminalisation<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:11px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In their role as environmental defenders, women are often targeted with legal actions, including accusations and intimidation. Such criminalisation seeks to undermine their advocacy efforts, leaving them entangled in costly and time-consuming legal battles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Moral violence<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:9px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Women defenders face societal backlash, including derogatory comments and public shaming, aimed at discrediting their work and deterring their participation in community advocacy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Economic and patrimonial violence<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:9px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The financial burden of advocacy, including travel and legal costs, places significant strain on women and their families. Additionally, extortion by criminal groups further depletes their resources, threatening their economic stability and ability to maintain their homes and lands.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Physical and sexual violence<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Sexual harassment and assault are reported as part of the broader pattern of violence against women in these areas, often perpetrated by those involved in illegal extractive activities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Psychological violence<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The constant threats and fear of violence have profound mental health impacts among the women and, by extension, affecting their families. The psychological toll of living under such conditions cannot be overstated, affecting all aspects of their well-being.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Violence against youth and children<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The social and environmental crises also profoundly impact the younger generation, exposing them to risks of exploitation, substance abuse, and the traumatic effects of witnessing or experiencing violence. This influences their future and the long-term resilience of their communities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-primary\" id=\"block_a1087c4f901c8dbf2bc480949befdde0\">\n             <div class=\"dark custom-padding-top\">\n    \n\n<div class=\"small-12 large-offset-2 large-8\">\n    <div class=\"picture-content grid-x block\" id=\"block_a2e8ecc7454dc8ab56f48bfb53a6ee7d\">\n        <span class=\"anchor-id\" id=\"\" ><\/span>\n                    \n            <div class=\"cell small-12 medium-6 large-6 picture-content__in\"> \n                <div class=\"picture-content__in--header\"><h2>The approach of PIDDA<\/h2><\/div>\n                <div class=\"picture-content__in--text\"><p>The different types of violence, which are deeply interconnected, underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to protect women defenders and their territories. The PIDDA project sheds light on the situation of women environmental defenders to promote their and their communities\u2019 effective participation in the development of public policy. Cabero: \u2018Our activities include providing information contributing to improved, gender-sensitive national policy protecting environmental defenders, but also working with women so they better protect themselves, through our partners in Madre de Dios.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>PIDDA is a collaboration of <a href=\"https:\/\/spda.org.pe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental<\/a> (SPDA), IUCN NL and two partner organisations in Madre de Dios. The project is being supported by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.afd.fr\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Agence Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement<\/a> (AFD).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                <div class=\"picture-content__in--link\">\n                    <a class=\"button button--primary\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/project\/pidda-strengthening-environmental-defenders\/\"\n                        target=\"_blank\">Read more about PIDDA\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n\n                            <div class=\"cell small-12 medium-6 large-6 picture-content__image lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Environmental-rights-defender-in-Madre-de-Dios.jpg&#039;)\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Environmental-rights-defender-in-Madre-de-Dios-380x300-c-default.jpg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 380px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 380\/300;\">\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What enables women defenders continue their fight? <span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Even though women defenders find themselves in a very adverse context, certain factors and conditions enable women to continue their determined fight to protect their territories.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Sharing experiences and facilitating collaboration among women catalyses female leadership, shows the study. Exchange fosters a supportive network where women can learn from each other, share best practices and encourage one another in their leadership journeys. Another enabling factor is providing organisational support to locally-led initiatives, specifically those promoting female leadership. These organisations provide resources, mentorship and platforms women to enhance their leadership skills and visibility in their communities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Workshops organised by these or other organisations should be developed with, about and for Indigenous women, oriented towards the Indigenous movement of Madre de Dios and have collective rather than an individual perspective. It is essential to include a solid intercultural approach in the design of workshops, without using too much technical or legal language.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The study also recommends to organise workshops locally, so women do not have to travel elsewhere. This does not only stimulates the participation of women, but also promotes greater awareness at the community level.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Last but not least, organising inclusive workshops, in which both men and women participate, is important. This enables addressing human rights and Indigenous rights issues, applying a gender perspective, along with topics related to women&#8217;s rights and gender-based violence, to be addressed more comprehensively.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>\u2018Peru stalling the ratification of the Escaz\u00fa Agreement highlights systemic barriers impeding progress in access to rights, environmental justice and defenders\u2019 safety.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div><cite>Mariel Cabero, expert environmental justice<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:52px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Call for collective action<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The challenges faced by women environmental defenders in Madre de Dios mirror a global crisis, in which environmental activism intersects with gender-based violence and injustice. This phenomenon is not isolated, but reflects a widespread pattern across continents where defenders confront similar threats ranging from legal harassment to physical violence. The situation in Madre de Dios, characterised by brave women protecting their territories against illegal mining and environmental degradation, is emblematic of the struggles faced by countless other women globally.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The data of the study in Madre de Dios highlights the urgent need for a global response that recognises the specific risks faced by women environmental defenders. International and local civil society efforts should push for adherence to international frameworks, such as the Escaz\u00fa Agreement. Peru has not yet ratified the agreement, despite having it signed it in 2018. It is significant in different ways, explains Cabero, as \u2018Peru stalling the ratification of the Escaz\u00fa Agreement highlights systemic barriers impeding progress in access to rights, environmental justice and defenders\u2019 safety.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>\u2018The challenging but determined journey of women environmental defenders in Madre de Dios clearly resonates with the global fight to safeguard nature. It is a call for collective action towards environmental justice and gender equality,\u2019 she concludes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-primary\" id=\"block_a1087c4f901c8dbf2bc480949befdde0\">\n             <div class=\"dark custom-padding-top\">\n    \n\n\n<div class=\"smallteam-members__name12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n\t<div id=\"team-members-block_f99c14ffed82a05514b31111f03bd6f3\" class=\"team-members team-members-block block\">\n\t\t<span class=\"anchor-id\" id=\"\"><\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"team-members__title\">\n\t\t\t\t<div>More information? Contact:<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"team-members__body small-12 grid-x\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__item grid-x small-12 medium-6\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image cell shrink\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image-wrapper lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/46IUCN-300418-2-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/46IUCN-300418-2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2560\/2560;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Mariel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCabero<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Expert Environmental Justice<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:mariel.cabero@iucn.nl\">mariel.cabero@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__readmore\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">Volledig profiel<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__socials\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mariel-cabero-ugalde-71829834\/\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-linkedin\" aria-label=\"Linkedin profile of Mariel Cabero\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/linkedin-icon.svg\" alt=\"Linkedin logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__item grid-x small-12 medium-6\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image cell shrink\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image-wrapper lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/05\/foto-Carolina.jpg&#039;)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2023\/05\/foto-Carolina.jpg\" alt=\"Carolina Valladares IUCN NL\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 665px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 665\/705;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Carolina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tValladares<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Expert Environmental Justice<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:carolina.valladares@iucn.nl\">carolina.valladares@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"posts related_content small-12\">\n    <div class=\"post__titlebar grid-x\">\n                    <h2 class=\"post__title\">Read more about gender and conservation<\/h2>\n            <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"post__body\">\n                    <div class=\"grid-x grid-margin-x show-for-medium\">\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/international-womens-day-2026-why-gender-justice-is-urgent-for-women-defenders-in-the-amazon\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Meeting-of-the-Indigenous-Kotsimba-community-in-Madre-de-Dios_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Meeting-of-the-Indigenous-Kotsimba-community-in-Madre-de-Dios_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Meeting-of-the-Indigenous-Kotsimba-community-in-Madre-de-Dios_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Feature stories\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            International Women\u2019s Day 2026: why gender justice is urgent for women defenders in the Amazon\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/lessons-from-bolivias-fight-against-mercury-gold-mining-and-water-contamination\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/01\/El-Callao-50-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/01\/El-Callao-50-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/01\/El-Callao-50-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Feature stories\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Lessons from Bolivia\u2019s fight against mercury, gold mining, and water contamination\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/reflections-on-sdgp-webinars-lessons-learnt-best-practices-and-ways-forward-for-biodiversity-and-climate\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reforestation-project-Ecotrust-Uganda_Photo-Fanny-Verkuijlen-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reforestation-project-Ecotrust-Uganda_Photo-Fanny-Verkuijlen-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reforestation-project-Ecotrust-Uganda_Photo-Fanny-Verkuijlen-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Feature stories\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Reflections on SDGP webinars: lessons learnt, best practices, and ways forward for biodiversity and climate\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publicatie\/report-locally-led-sustainable-development\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Headerfoto-website-1-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Headerfoto-website-1-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Headerfoto-website-1-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publicaties\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Report: Locally-led sustainable development\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n                <div class=\"orbit\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Read more about gender and conservation\" data-orbit>\n                    <div class=\"orbit-wrapper\">\n                        <ul class=\"orbit-container\">\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/international-womens-day-2026-why-gender-justice-is-urgent-for-women-defenders-in-the-amazon\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Meeting-of-the-Indigenous-Kotsimba-community-in-Madre-de-Dios_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Meeting-of-the-Indigenous-Kotsimba-community-in-Madre-de-Dios_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Meeting-of-the-Indigenous-Kotsimba-community-in-Madre-de-Dios_Photo-Diego-Perez-SPDA-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Feature stories\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            International Women\u2019s Day 2026: why gender justice is urgent for women defenders in the Amazon\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/lessons-from-bolivias-fight-against-mercury-gold-mining-and-water-contamination\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/01\/El-Callao-50-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/01\/El-Callao-50-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2026\/01\/El-Callao-50-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Feature stories\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Lessons from Bolivia\u2019s fight against mercury, gold mining, and water contamination\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/reflections-on-sdgp-webinars-lessons-learnt-best-practices-and-ways-forward-for-biodiversity-and-climate\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reforestation-project-Ecotrust-Uganda_Photo-Fanny-Verkuijlen-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reforestation-project-Ecotrust-Uganda_Photo-Fanny-Verkuijlen-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reforestation-project-Ecotrust-Uganda_Photo-Fanny-Verkuijlen-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Feature stories\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Reflections on SDGP webinars: lessons learnt, best practices, and ways forward for biodiversity and climate\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/publicatie\/report-locally-led-sustainable-development\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Headerfoto-website-1-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Headerfoto-website-1-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Headerfoto-website-1-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Publicaties\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Report: Locally-led sustainable development\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                <\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <nav class=\"orbit-bullets\">\n                                                                            <button class=\"is-active\" data-slide=\"0\">\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span>\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\" data-slide-active-label><\/span>\n                        <\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"1\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"2\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"3\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                <\/nav>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><h2><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_165391_1();\">Index<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_165391_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_165391_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/h2><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_165391_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Index<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_165391_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_165391_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_165391_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The study was made within native communities of FENAMAD and the amortiguation area of Tambopata.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_165391_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_165391_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_165391_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Global Witness. (2023). Standing firm: The Land and Environmental Defenders on the frontlines of the climate crisis. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/environmental-activists\/standing-firm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link to report<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_165391_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_165391_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_165391_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gardner, E. (2012). Peru battles the golden curse of Madre de Dios. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/486306a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link to article<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_165391_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_165391_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_165391_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_165391_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_165391_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_165391_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_165391_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_165391_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_165391_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_165391_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_165391_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_165391_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_165391_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_165391_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Madre de Dios, covering over 3.8 million hectares of the Peruvian Amazon, environmental and human rights defenders protect their territories against the backdrop of illegal mining. The region hosts one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world. It is threatened, however, by illegal extractive activities that not only compromise the forest\u2019s ecological integrity, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":165385,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[323,163,183,312],"class_list":["post-165391","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-story","tag-amazon","tag-environmental-defenders","tag-human-rights-and-nature","tag-pidda-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/165391","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=165391"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/165391\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":168156,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/165391\/revisions\/168156"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/165385"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=165391"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=165391"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=165391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}