{"id":273697,"date":"2025-04-23T16:22:56","date_gmt":"2025-04-23T15:22:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/?p=273697"},"modified":"2025-04-24T09:13:55","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T08:13:55","slug":"one-hundred-ngos-call-on-who-to-adjust-its-tm-strategy-and-end-usage-of-threatened-wild-animal-species","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/one-hundred-ngos-call-on-who-to-adjust-its-tm-strategy-and-end-usage-of-threatened-wild-animal-species\/","title":{"rendered":"One hundred NGOs call on WHO to adjust its Traditional Medicine strategy\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>IUCN NL, together with Stichting SPOTS and Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), initiated a letter to be sent to the Director General of the World Health Organisation (WHO) raising their concerns that the WHO has still not recognised how demand for, and promotion of, wildlife use in some traditional medicine is leading to legal and illegal trade that significantly threatens the survival of a range of wild animal species<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: Alves, R.R.N. and Rosa, I.L. (2013) \u2018A Global Overview of Carnivores Used in Traditional Medicines\u2019, in Animals in Traditional Folk Medicine: Implications for Conservation, pp. 1\u2013491.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_1');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: <em>Williams, V.L. et al. (2017) \u2018A roaring trade? The legal trade in Panthera leo bones from Africa to East-Southeast Asia\u2019. Available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0185996.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. One hundred NGOs from across the world co-signed this appeal to the WHO underlining the shared global concern amongst conservation organisations of the impact of traditional medicine using parts of threatened wild animal species. <\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Header photo: Pangolin scales (c) Britta Jaschinski \/ IUCN NL<\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:22px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">WHO strategy on traditional medicine does not acknowledge impact on wildlife species<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>During the next General Assembly of the WHO in May, its members will discuss the <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/tci\/draft-traditional-medicine-strategy-2025-2034.pdf?sfvrsn=dd350962_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">draft global traditional medicine strategy (2025-2034)<\/a>. While many traditional medicines use natural ingredients including minerals, plants and animals in their practices, the parts and derivatives of wild animals constitutes a relatively small portion of all ingredients used<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: Still, J. (2003) \u2018Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: environmental impact and health hazards\u2019, Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 11(2), pp. 118\u2013122. Available&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_3');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: Williams, V.L. and Whiting, M.J. (2016) \u2018A picture of health? Animal use and the Faraday traditional medicine market, South Africa\u2019, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 179, pp. 265\u2013273.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, and that of threatened<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>Categorised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> wild animals an even smaller extent, with substitutes of alternative species or materials readily available<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: <em>TAWAP. (2021). TCM Alternatives to Wild Animal Preparations. [online] Available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tawap.org\/<\/span> [Accessed 17 Feb. 2025]<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. However, such usage still has a significant effect. Due to marketing by traders and pharmaceutical companies, as well as legislative loopholes in some key countries that continue to permit the trade and utilisation of vulnerable species<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">EIA UK. (2023). China\u2019s revised Wildlife Protection Law goes live \u2013 but it\u2019s a missed chance to help endangered species. [online] Available at:&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_7');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, traditional medicine exerts disproportionally devastating impacts on the survival of many species including big cats such as tigers and leopards, pangolins, rhinos, bears, saiga antelope and more<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Source: <em>IUCN (2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [online] IUCN Red List. Available at: https:\/\/<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>www.iucnredlist.org\/.<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Motion IUCN on Traditional Medicine<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The International Union of Conservation of Nature adopted a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucncongress2020.org\/motion\/108\/65124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">motion on traditional medicine<\/a> during its world conservation congress in 2020. In this motion, it notes that the trade in many species used in traditional medicine is poorly regulated and is putting pressures on wildlife populations in many countries and regions, which may also prevent the sustainable use of traditional medicine. This is why IUCN called in this motion on its members to support the prevention of the use in traditional medicine of threatened species of wildlife assessed in IUCN Red List categories Endangered or higher, or which are considered Data Deficient. It also called for its members to assist in the development of sustainable alternatives to the use of wildlife in traditional medicine to protect wildlife populations and achieve sustainability. This motion is not reflected by the WHO in its strategy, whilst IUCN is the global authority on the status of the natural world.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(Il)legal wildlife trafficking and Traditional Medicines&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.traffic.org\/site\/assets\/files\/21923\/eu_wildlife_seizures_2021-final_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Traffic report from 2021<\/a> on seizures of CITES-listed wildlife in the EU in 2021, the most frequently seized commodity type was medicinals (plant-and animal-derived medicinals which comprises medicines, extracts and cosmetics); accounting for 27% of the total 2021 seizures. Animal-derived medicinals in 2021 accounted for 17% of the medicinals trade. These seizures show that there is a substantial illegal trade in medicinals. Reports on the <a href=\"https:\/\/wildlifejustice.org\/major-wildlife-trafficking-bust-in-nigeria-five-arrested-and-3-765-tonnes-of-pangolin-scales-seized-in-joint-ncs-wjc-operation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">seizure of pangoline scales<\/a> also make clear that there is a substantial illegal trade in parts of threatened wild animal species for traditional medicine.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>However, legal use also does not automatically equate to ecologically sustainable use. Investigations and research have indicated that utilisation or legal domestic trade in threatened species for traditional medicine, including in parts and derivatives of captive bred specimens, is a high-risk approach that exacerbates the threat they face in the wild<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See for example EIA. 2013. Hidden in Plain Sight: China\u2019s clandestine tiger trade. Available from: https:\/\/eia-international.org\/wp-&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_9');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>&#8216;The promotion of traditional medicines by the WHO without clearly speaking out against the use of threatened wild animal species poses a serious risk to the survival of these already (severely) threatened\u00a0species,\u2019 says Antoinette Sprenger, senior expert environmental justice at IUCN NL.\u00a0<br><br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Call on WHO<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Any recognition from an entity of the WHO\u2019s stature without a strong statement on the use of threatened wild animals in traditional medicine will be perceived by the global community as a stamp of approval from the United Nations on the overall practice including such utilisation. Failure to specifically reject the use of threatened wild animal species in traditional medicine will hence sustain the demand for these species, exacerbating the pressure on their survival amidst the biodiversity crisis, and also undermine One Health.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Biodiversity is essential for One Health and the wellbeing of humankind. As the world\u2019s leading global public health organisation, the WHO should set an example and:&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Recognise that any use of threatened wild animal species for medicine is unsustainable;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Explicitly reject such use in TCIM;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Call on WHO members to remove threatened wild animal species ingredients and products from their pharmacopoeia<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">A compendium of texts on the qualitative and quantitative composition of medicines, and on the tests to be carried out on medicines, on the raw materials used in the production of medicines and on&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_273697_1('footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_10');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_273697_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Letter-WHO-concerning-strategy-traditional-medicines-2025-2034.pdf\">Read the full letter here<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-primary\" id=\"block_013b24ab9d2cb2ed878bce2fe72e7636\">\n             <div class=\"dark custom-padding-top\">\n    \n\n\n<div class=\"smallteam-members__name12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n\t<div id=\"team-members-block_6aaa6f1454a0ad0ca5d005295175784a\" class=\"team-members team-members-block block\">\n\t\t<span class=\"anchor-id\" id=\"\"><\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"team-members__title\">\n\t\t\t\t<div>For more information, contact:<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"team-members__body small-12 grid-x\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__item grid-x small-12 medium-6\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image cell shrink\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/antoinette-sprenger\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image-wrapper lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/80IUCN-171219-1-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/80IUCN-171219-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Antoinette Sprenger\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" 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<div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                <\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <nav class=\"orbit-bullets\">\n                                                                            <button class=\"is-active\" data-slide=\"0\">\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span>\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\" data-slide-active-label><\/span>\n                        <\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"1\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"2\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"3\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                <\/nav>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><h2><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_273697_1();\">Index<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_273697_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_273697_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/h2><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_273697_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Index<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <em>Alves, R.R.N. and Rosa, I.L. (2013) \u2018A Global Overview of Carnivores Used in Traditional Medicines\u2019, in Animals in Traditional Folk Medicine: Implications for Conservation, pp. 1\u2013491. Available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-29026-8.<\/span><\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <em>Williams, V.L. et al. (2017) \u2018A roaring trade? The legal trade in Panthera leo bones from Africa to East-Southeast Asia\u2019. Available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0185996.<\/span><\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <em>Still, J. (2003) \u2018Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: environmental impact and health hazards\u2019, Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 11(2), pp. 118\u2013122. Available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0965-2299(03)00055-4.<\/span><\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <em><em>Williams, V.L. and Whiting, M.J. (2016) \u2018A picture of health? Animal use and the Faraday traditional medicine market, South Africa\u2019, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 179, pp. 265\u2013273. Available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2015.12.024.<\/span><\/em><\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Categorised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <em>TAWAP. (2021). TCM Alternatives to Wild Animal Preparations. [online] Available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tawap.org\/<\/span> [Accessed 17 Feb. 2025]<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>EIA UK. (2023). China\u2019s revised Wildlife Protection Law goes live \u2013 but it\u2019s a missed chance to help endangered species. [online] Available at: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eia-international.org\/news\/chinas-revised-wildlife-protection-law-goes-live-but-its-a-missed-chance-to-help-endangered-species\/.<\/span><\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Source: <em>IUCN (2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [online] IUCN Red List. Available at: https:\/\/<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>www.iucnredlist.org\/.<\/em><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See for example EIA. 2013. Hidden in Plain Sight: China\u2019s clandestine tiger trade. Available from: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eia-international.org\/wp-<\/span> content\/uploads\/EIA-Hidden-in-Plain-Sight-Chinese-lang-version-FINAL1.pdf; EIA. 2020. Bitter Pill to Swallow: China\u2019s Flagrant Trade in Leopard Bone Products. Available from: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eia-international.org\/report\/bitter-pill-to-swallow-chinas-flagrant-trade-in-leopard-bone-products\/;<\/span> EIA. 2020. Smoke and Mirrors: China\u2019s complicity in the global illegal pangolin trade. Available from: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eia-international.org\/report\/chinas-complicity-in-<\/span> the-global-illegal-pangolin-trade-smoke-and-mirrors\/<\/em>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_273697_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_273697_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">A compendium of texts on the qualitative and quantitative composition of medicines, and on the tests to be carried out on medicines, on the raw materials used in the production of medicines and on the intermediates of synthesis. Source: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/glossary-terms\/european-pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_273697_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_273697_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_273697_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_273697_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_273697_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_273697_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_273697_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_273697_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_273697_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_273697_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_273697_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_273697_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_273697_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_273697_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>IUCN NL, together with Stichting SPOTS and Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), initiated a letter to be sent to the Director General of the World Health Organisation (WHO) raising their concerns that the WHO has still not recognised how demand for, and promotion of, wildlife use in some traditional medicine is leading to legal and illegal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":273790,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[60],"tags":[175],"class_list":["post-273697","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-fighting-wildlife-crime"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/273697","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=273697"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/273697\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":273792,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/273697\/revisions\/273792"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/273790"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=273697"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=273697"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=273697"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}