{"id":295889,"date":"2025-07-03T09:32:12","date_gmt":"2025-07-03T08:32:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/?p=295889"},"modified":"2025-10-13T11:46:32","modified_gmt":"2025-10-13T10:46:32","slug":"the-energy-transition-revisited-the-case-of-lithium-extraction-in-the-andes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/the-energy-transition-revisited-the-case-of-lithium-extraction-in-the-andes\/","title":{"rendered":"The energy transition revisited: the case of lithium extraction in the Andes \u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The planetary crisis that came with the extraction and burning of fossil fuels has demanded a radical shift; a transition towards renewable forms of energy production. The energy transition, one of the most promoted solutions to today\u2019s climate and energy challenges, has sparked demand for transition minerals, such as lithium. The \u201cLithium Triangle\u201d is in south America, within the Argentinian, Bolivian and Chilean territory.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Although the need for an energy transition is widely recognized, there is no global consensus on how to achieve it in a just and sustainable way. Its current trajectory often reinforces historic power imbalances between the Global North and South, while mining practices impact local communities and ecosystems\u2014deepening instability in already fragile regions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>There\u2019s a lot at stake in the shift to a new energy system. What\u2019s crucial is avoiding the same mistakes that have long marked resource extraction\u2014human rights abuses and environmental damage, especially in the Global South. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>This article explores the socioenvironmental impacts of lithium extraction in the salt flats of the Andes. For this we interviewed two of our partners, CEDIB and Aka Pacha.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Header photo: Salar de Olaroz lithium mine in the Jujuy province , Argentina <em>\u00a9 Image courtesy of NASA<\/em><\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">This article is written by our intern Nefeli Nisioti and does not necessarily reflect the position of IUCN NL.&nbsp;<\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Energy Transition Minerals<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Facilitating the energy transition requires large quantities of the so-called Energy Transition Minerals<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/stories\/digging-sustainably\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Is mining for clean energy minerals sustainable?<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. These will be used for the manufacturing of batteries, such as those needed in electric vehicles, but also for other advanced digital technologies. Lithium is one of the most important minerals for this process and it can be found in three types of deposits, brines<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">A large reservoir of mineralised water formed through erosion processes and the inflow of underground water into the salt flats; these waters carry many minerals. The brines are the raw material for&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, hard-rock, or sedimentary-volcanic<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/segweb\/economicgeology\/article\/doi\/10.5382\/econgeo.5134\/653196\/Lithium-Brines-Origin-Characteristics-and-Global\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lithium Brines: Origin, Characteristics, and Global Distribution | Economic Geology | GeoScienceWorld<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The three biggest lithium producers in the world are Australia, Chile and China, with Australia accounting for 52% of the global hard-rock lithium production alone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>According to the U.S. Geological Survey the quantities of lithium extracted globally have increased by 40% within five years, with 85,000 million tons in 2018 to 130,000 million tons in 2022<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/national-minerals-information-center\/lithium-statistics-and-information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lithium Statistics and Information | U.S. Geological Survey<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. This exponentially growing demand in such a short period of time points to an equally rapid development of mining projects across the globe. It is projected that lithium production will increase by 500% by 2050<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Lithium Triangle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Latin America has the largest amount of brine lithium deposits in the world, concentrated in three countries, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina; also known as the \u201cLithium Triangle\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Image 1: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/graphic-detail\/2017\/06\/19\/three-south-american-countries-hold-over-half-the-worlds-lithium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Three South American countries hold over half the world\u2019s lithium<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Despite their differences in lithium exploitation rates, environmental and socioeconomic conditions, together these three countries account for nearly 60% of the world\u2019s brine lithium resources hidden within their salt flats<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.cepal.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/8d505030-7686-44e1-9f60-77ceb0610826\/content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lithium extraction and industrialization: opportunities and challenges for Latin America and the Caribbean<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In the plurinational state of Bolivia most of lithium is found in the Salar de Uyuni; it is the world\u2019s largest lithium resource and is located in the Altiplano<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altiplano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Altiplano &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In Chile, lithium is primarily exploited in the Atacama Desert, and in Argentina at the Olaroz salt flat<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cedib.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/extraccion-de-litio-y-derechos-de-los-pueblos-indigenas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">extraccion-de-litio-y-derechos-de-los-pueblos-indigenas.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. These regions also have cultural and ecological importance for local communities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"471\" height=\"634\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Screenshot-2025-07-01-140125-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-298469 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Screenshot-2025-07-01-140125-1.png 471w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Screenshot-2025-07-01-140125-1-223x300.png 223w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 471px) 100vw, 471px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 471px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 471\/634;\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">The &#8220;Lithium Triangle&#8221;<\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/salt-flat-bolivia-3-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-298471 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/salt-flat-bolivia-3-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/salt-flat-bolivia-3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/salt-flat-bolivia-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/salt-flat-bolivia-3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/salt-flat-bolivia-3-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/683;\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Lithium mine in Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia \u00a9 Image courtesy of NASA<\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Transition minerals: who profits?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Even though most of these minerals are found in countries of the Global South, the industry of transition minerals is dominated by countries of the Global North, such as Australia, China, and the United States. An element that can explain this fact, is that accessing and extracting lithium necessitates financial capacity combined with specific technical and technological support, which often countries in the Global South don\u2019t have. These requirements, result to agreements between extractive companies \u2013 often from the Global North \u2013 and national governments, in order to capacitate the extraction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Unfortunately, the procedural and practical ways through which extraction is done, as well as the framework of benefiting from these reserves, do not seem to guarantee an ethical, equitable or responsible extraction<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/what-does-the-critical-raw-materials-act-mean-for-nature-and-human-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">What does the Critical Raw Materials Act mean for nature and human rights? | IUCN NL<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Neither for the people, nor for the planet.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Countries of the Global South are often marked by unstable economies, structural inequalities and governments that do not prioritize the&nbsp;environment. At the same time, countries of the Global North, in an aspiration to advance in the transition mineral industry, take advantage of these fragile conditions to capture and privatize mineral resources. Consequently, this reinforces power imbalances that have historically existed between Global North and Global South.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>At the same time, it drives countries of the Global South into a competition for revenues, creating conditions of tension and conflict between them. The Lithium Triangle is one such example where countries are competing for China\u2019s mining investments<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Such dynamics further perpetuate socioeconomic vulnerabilities and inequalities that are already tormenting these societies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>To explore this deeper, we had the opportunity to speak to people from the civil society organization CEDIB, in Bolivia and the Aka Pacha foundation, in the North of Chile. They shared with us their views on how the expansion of the lithium industry is impacting the stability of the salt flats and the communities that depend on them; as well as their efforts to defend these. Their narratives provided great insights regarding the realities of lithium extraction in these two countries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>No empty lands<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The areas of the Lithium Triangle are not empty lands<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cedib.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/extraccion-de-litio-y-derechos-de-los-pueblos-indigenas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">extraccion-de-litio-y-derechos-de-los-pueblos-indigenas.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The salt flats in the Andean region are not only resources of lithium, but also vital ecosystems with ecological, cultural and livelihood importance; and they have been a home to people for 13,000 years. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The increase and intensification of lithium mining in these areas, as a result, has serious consequences for the populations living around the salt flats. Indigenous peoples and local communities are disproportionately affected in multiple ways. From the direct consequences on their landscapes, like ecosystem degradation and increased water scarcity, all the way to the threat in the viability of their cultures, the protection of their territories, and their socioeconomic security.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>\u2018in the future, we will have lithium, we will have electric cars, but we won\u2019t have water\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rom\u00e1n Guiti\u00e1n, an Indigenous Argentinian activist<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Impact of lithium extraction on the stability of salt flats<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Water connectivity and availability<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The process of accessing and extracting lithium relies on invasive and ecologically disruptive methods<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hir.harvard.edu\/lithium-triangle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Lithium Triangle: Where Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia Meet<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. To begin, holes are drilled in the ground for the mineral-rich water to be pumped to the surface. This water is then left to dry for months, to finally be reduced to the desired mineral<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26917284\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">THE LITHIUM TRIANGLE on JSTOR<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. But the Lithium Triangle is one of the driest places on Earth and its salt flats are very fragile ecosystems that rely on the balance of scarce resources to maintain their stability. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>As Gonzalo from CEDIB explained, the waters in and around the salt flats are connected. So in the process of pumping underground water from beneath the brines, fresh water from the surrounding area will flow into the brines to replenish what has been extracted. As a result, the availability of fresh water in the surrounding area will go down. This has serious implications on the overall water availability and hence the hydrologic stability of the ecosystems<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cedib.org\/noticias\/organizaciones-ambientales-piden-mas-informacion-sobre-contratos-de-litio-y-sus-consecuencias-a-sol-y-sombra-17-02-25\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Environmental Organizations Call for More Information on Lithium Contracts and Their &#8220;Consequences&#8221; | In the sun and shade (17.02.25) &#8211; The new CEDIB<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Natalia from the Aka Pacha foundation shared with us how the lithium strategy that the Chilean government has recently proposed and implemented has had a great impact on the water connectivity of the salt flats.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>\u201cThey [the government] spoke very little about the hydrologic connectivity between the <em>acuiferos<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">an underground layer of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">water<\/a>-bearing material, consisting of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">permeable<\/a> or fractured rock, or of unconsolidated materials<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> which are also part of the salt flats, and the <em>bofedales<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><strong>Bofedales<\/strong> (singular <em>bofedal<\/em>), known in some parts of Peru as <strong>oconales<\/strong>, are a type of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wetland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">wetland<\/a> found in the high <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Andes<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> which also have the potential of delivering water downstream to the entire area, which is desert, and then to the coastal cities\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Climate and ecosystem threats<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>As different ecosystems, such as the <em>acuiferos <\/em>and the <em>bofedales, <\/em>are connected to the salt flats via water circulation, disturbing the hydrologic connectivity through water depletion has serious consequences on their stability. These ecosystems play a fundamental role in climate regulation and for that they depend on water availability<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cedib.org\/biblioteca\/declaratoria-de-la-alianza-por-los-humedales-andinos-para-promover-su-proteccion-y-preservacion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Declaration of the Alliance for Andean Wetlands to promote their protection and preservation &#8211; The new CEDIB<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. For example, the <em>bofedales <\/em>in Bolivia, as Gonzalo explained, store water in their biomass (i.e. their flora) and that reduces its evaporation by 110 to 10 times. This water is then slowly released over the course of about 8 to 10 months when rain is scarce.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Although water availability in the salt flats is primarily decreased by mining, changes in evapotranspiration induced by climate change could exacerbate it. As global temperatures are increasing, water precipitation in the Andes is projected to decrease<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/clim\/24\/17\/jcli-d-11-00051.1.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Projecting Rainfall Changes over the South American Altiplano in: Journal of Climate Volume 24 Issue 17 (2011)<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. This means that water availability in the salt flats will face multiple pressures<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388#RSPB20212388C27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388#RSPB20212388C27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388#RSPB20212388C27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Climate change and lithium mining influence flamingo abundance in the Lithium Triangle | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In the regions of Atacama and Antofagasta lithium mining accounts for 70% of water extraction<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> while at the same time their local arid climate already creates high rates of water evaporation. With climate change, this is projected to worsen. This will primarily impact Indigenous peoples and local communities as well as local biodiversity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Salar-de-Atacama-Chile-6-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-298474 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Salar-de-Atacama-Chile-6-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Salar-de-Atacama-Chile-6-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Salar-de-Atacama-Chile-6-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Salar-de-Atacama-Chile-6.jpg 1440w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/683;\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\"><em>Lithium mine in Salar de Atacama, Chile \u00a9 Image courtesy of NASA<\/em><\/mark><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Phoenicoparrus_andinus_at_Salar_de_Atacama_3-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-298476 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Phoenicoparrus_andinus_at_Salar_de_Atacama_3-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Phoenicoparrus_andinus_at_Salar_de_Atacama_3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Phoenicoparrus_andinus_at_Salar_de_Atacama_3-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Phoenicoparrus_andinus_at_Salar_de_Atacama_3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Phoenicoparrus_andinus_at_Salar_de_Atacama_3-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/682;\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-color\">Andean Flamingo (<em>Phoenicoparrus andinus) at Salar de Atacama \u00a9 Haplochromis via Wikimedia Commons<\/em><\/mark><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biodiversity threats<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The degradation of salt flats is increasingly leading to habitat loss for species like flamingos which use these ecosystems to breed; impacting their population numbers<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388#RSPB20212388C27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Climate change and lithium mining influence flamingo abundance in the Lithium Triangle | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences<\/a>2<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Combined with fluctuations in evapotranspiration and water scarcity induced by mining, the availability of surface water levels is decreasing; posing a risk to their survival<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388#RSPB20212388C27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Climate change and lithium mining influence flamingo abundance in the Lithium Triangle | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Lastly, the runoff of chemicals used in the extraction process of lithium also disturbs the soil and ground health. As a result, overall ecosystems health is compromised<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wetlands.org\/publication\/briefing-on-lithium-mining-in-the-andes-of-south-america-no-to-water-mega-mining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Briefing on lithium mining in the Andes of South America : No to water mega-mining &#8211; Wetlands International<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Impacts of lithium extraction on Indigenous peoples<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Historically, indigenous groups of the Andes have suffered the consequences of labor and resource exploitation, land grabbing, and cultural genocide<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edited-volume\/40215\/chapter-abstract\/344567191?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Raphael Lemkin, Culture, and the Concept of Genocide | The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies | Oxford Academic<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> very often for the extraction of minerals (i.e. salt). Coming to recent times, the same regions and their peoples are experiencing similar conditions. But this time for the extraction of lithium.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Lithium mining will often take place within Indigenous territories without their former, prior and informed consent, violating their constitutionally declared rights. These mining megaprojects, usually supported by the country\u2019s government, create conditions of insecurity and conflict for the communities. Their stories show that lithium extraction has rarely been a fair deal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Sebastian from Aka Pacha explains how even though the areas in the North of Chile are designated as Indigenous territories and hence any extractive project formally requires peoples\u2019 consultation prior to its establishment, in practice the situation is very different.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>\u201cHere in Chile there is a \u201cMining Code\u201d which gives power to the state to decide where they want to locate a mining company to do lithium extraction, and there is nothing, no other tool of the state or tool of the communities themselves, that they can defend that place over the Mining Code, as this Mining Code would be above everything else. So, at this moment in Chile, the state owns the subsoil; the state owns everything that is below the surface\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Gonzalo highlights that the same lack of consideration towards Indigenous peoples has also been the case in Bolivia throughout the trajectory of lithium extraction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Water scarcity<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Apart from the decrease in water availability that comes as a default due to the overexploitation of brines, the new extractive technology that is being applied requires an additional use of water, in immense amounts: 2.2 million litres of water are used for the extraction of one ton of lithium. In Chile, the mines use approximately 65% of the water resources of the Atacama salt flat, while in Bolivia the mine of San Cristobal consumes 50,000 litres of water daily<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[26]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Litio: por qu\u00e9 Am\u00e9rica Latina es clave para la transici\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica mundial | Foro Econ\u00f3mico Mundial<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In an ecosystem where water is scarce, its excessive use puts people in a state of austerity<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[27]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0094582X18782673\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Neoextractivism and Indigenous Water Ritual in Salar de Atacama, Chile &#8211; Sally Babidge, Paola Bolados, 2018<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In the words of Gonzalo, \u2018direct lithium extraction, with methods that are very efficient and very fast for the brines to process, has a much stronger effect on the hydrological system as a whole. This makes the groundwater less accessible for the communities. And this is the heart of the problem.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Rom\u00e1n Guiti\u00e1n an Indigenous Argentinian activist states, \u2018in the future, we will have lithium, we will have electric cars, but we won\u2019t have water\u2019<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[28]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pv-magazine-mexico.com\/2023\/01\/20\/en-el-futuro-tendremos-litio-tendremos-coches-electricos-pero-no-tendremos-agua\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cEn el futuro tendremos litio, tendremos coches el\u00e9ctricos, pero no tendremos agua\u201d \u2013 pv magazine Mexico<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p> \u2018They didn&#8217;t really consider what people wanted and only included them at the end of the process. The truth is very questionable because it&#8217;s like they only wanted to tick the box that they considered the communities, but it&#8217;s not something that was really included in the lithium strategy.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Natalia Gutierrez Salgado, Aka Pacha<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Culture and territory<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The communities have strong connections with these lands, which for them have ancestral and spiritual importance. In the countries of Bolivia, Chile and Argentina this relationship is a constitutionally declared right under the Convention 169 for Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (OIT)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/es\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/indigenous-and-tribal-peoples-convention-1989-no-169\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Convenio sobre pueblos ind\u00edgenas y tribales, 1989&nbsp;(169)&nbsp; | OHCHR<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> which aims to protect Indigenous peoples\u2019 right to land, self-determination and autonomy. But although these rights have been declared, they are not substantially protected.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Indigenous peoples often find themselves excluded from the decision-making process of who gets to operate in their territories and in what ways. As Aka Pacha highlighted, peoples\u2019 spiritual and cultural needs towards these areas have so far not been taken into account in the country\u2019s lithium strategy. People not only aren\u2019t meaningfully or equally included in this process, but they also receive very little benefit from these activities.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Natalia highlights that in Chile the consultation of Indigenous communities has been just for the sake of appearance. \u2018They didn&#8217;t really consider what people wanted and only included them at the end of the process. The truth is very questionable because it&#8217;s like they only wanted to tick the box that they considered the communities, but it&#8217;s not something that was really included in the lithium strategy.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>These conditions of disregard greatly affect the empowerment and sovereignty of the communities. There is therefore a growing fear among Indigenous peoples, that the energy transition is threatening the viability of their cultures and autonomy<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/paisajes\/chapter\/3-7-la-mineria-de-litio-esta-dejando-a-las-comunidades-indigenas-de-chile-altas-y-secas-literalmente\/#:~:text=Este%20texto%20aborda%20la%20crisis%20h%C3%ADdrica%20que%20enfrenta,el%20medio%20ambiente%20en%20la%20regi%C3%B3n%20de%20Atacama.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3.7 La miner\u00eda de litio est\u00e1 dejando a las comunidades ind\u00edgenas de Chile altas y secas (literalmente) \u2013 Paisajes<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Social fragmentation<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In the case of Bolivia, as Gonzalo explained, the state has systematically ignored Indigenous communities. Natalia highlights how the lithium strategy has led to social fragmentation within communities in Chile. \u2018These new strategies that are introduced, they aren&#8217;t properly implemented in the territory, and they always divide the communities. I feel that in this region [Arica y Parinacota], everyone was very clear that they didn&#8217;t want mining, but in the region of Iquique or Antofagasta and Atacama, they end up dividing the communities. <em>Who wants lithium mining and who doesn&#8217;t?<\/em> So, they generate a very important problem of social fragmentation,\u2019 Natalia says.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Livelihood security<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>As explained, water is the most important element in these deserted areas, both for the hydrological stability of the salt flats but also for the food and livelihood security of Indigenous peoples and local communities. As the mining activities affect water availability, this in turn impacts the ways people can maintain and practice their traditional ways of living. Young people and women find themselves disproportionately exposed to these conditions<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[31]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/media.business-humanrights.org\/media\/documents\/files\/documents\/INFORME_LITIO_FINAL_PARA_WEB.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">INFORME_LITIO_FINAL_PARA_WEB.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Gonzalo highlights that Indigenous peoples in Bolivia deeply depend on the availability of groundwater for agricultural practices and the traditional livestock herding of camelids<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[32]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><strong>Camelids<\/strong> are members of the biological <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_(biology)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">family<\/a> <strong>Camelidae<\/strong>. The seven <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extant_taxon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">extant<\/a> members of this group are: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dromedary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dromedary camels<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bactrian_camel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bactrian camels<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wild_Bactrian_camel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">wild Bactrian camels<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">llamas<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpaca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">alpacas<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vicu%C3%B1a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">vicu\u00f1as<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guanaco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">guanacos<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Natalia also explains that in Chile where similar traditional ways of living exist, these have been completely disregarded in the lithium strategy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>\u2018Traditional knowledge is not considered within the [lithium] strategy,\u2019 she says. \u2018There are many uses related to the salt flats that are particularly important for the communities. Where there are wetlands, bodies of water associated with livestock farming, a very old form of livestock farming, and in some cases agriculture; and these uses, as ancestral practices, were not considered in the strategy, nor was the impact that lithium extraction would have on these practices.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Economic security, for whom?<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>If we wish to explore lithium extraction in terms of economic benefit and security, again the communities are the ones that reap the least. &nbsp;Overall, the highest amounts of profit are made further down the value-chain, specifically in the manufacturing of lithium and selling of related products. These stages are primarily performed in Asian countries<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[33]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/es.weforum.org\/stories\/2023\/01\/litio-por-que-america-latina-es-clave-para-la-transicion-energetica-mundial\/#:~:text=Litio%3A%20por%20qu%C3%A9%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina%20es%20clave%20para,reciclaje%20puede%20reducir%20la%20demanda%20de%20litio%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Litio: por qu\u00e9 Am\u00e9rica Latina es clave para la transici\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica mundial | Foro Econ\u00f3mico Mundial<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and dominated by economies of the Global North. Even though countries of the Lithium Triangle provide the raw material, without which no other part of the value-chain would be feasible, they are disproportionately included or compensated<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[34]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/graphics\/business\/batteries\/tossed-aside-in-the-lithium-rush\/?ref=hir.harvard.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Indigenous people are left poor as tech world takes lithium from under their feet &#8211; Washington Post<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. This is particularly visible when contrasted to the profits that are made in countries of the Global North from the lithium industry.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Both Sebastian and Gonzalo shared that none of their countries gain much from the lithium industry. \u2018Many of these extracted resources have historically been leaving the country. As in the case of copper, lithium also leaves the country as raw material and returns as cars from China,\u2019 Sebastian says.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Therefore, for the countries of the Lithium Triangle, becoming powerful actors in the industry could empower their economies, and hence improve peoples\u2019 quality of life. But as national governments are striving to advance in the other stages of the value-chain, their approach has often taken the form of a state-owned project. Lithium resources are capitalized and commercialized by governments, while people are seeing very little benefit from this development.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>In terms of economic security that mining could theoretically offer through the creation of job opportunities, this is still a controversial and context-specific issue. Jobs are still limited, unstable or often described as non-suitable for all (i.e. excluding Indigenous peoples). Or even in times that people do get employed, they are paid extremely little<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_295889_1('footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[35]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_295889_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-secondary\" id=\"block_16f02a37456d0efb0b9d803c40cfd941\">\n             <div class=\"dark custom-padding-top\">\n    \n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><strong>Mining in Sami territory<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The Indigenous Sami people, residing in northern Scandinavia and parts of Russia also face the detrimental impacts of mining activities, impacting S\u00e1mi lands and further marginalizing their voices in decision-making processes. The lack of enforceable land ownership laws has led to ongoing conflicts between S\u00e1mi communities and industries seeking access to natural resources. Additionally, national courts often side with government and corporate interests, undermining Indigenous land claims. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/sami-and-the-mining-of-critical-minerals-a-threat-to-indigenous-lands-and-biodiversity\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/sami-and-the-mining-of-critical-minerals-a-threat-to-indigenous-lands-and-biodiversity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Rethinking the transition<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The perspectives of our local partners raise serious concerns about the current energy transition. While countries in the Global North profit and advance, communities and ecosystems in the Lithium Triangle face exploitation, environmental destruction, and growing insecurity. Latin American governments, in their push to join the green economy, often prioritize extraction over people\u2019s rights and wellbeing\u2014while institutions fail to offer meaningful protection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>The shift away from fossil fuels is essential, but the mining of transition minerals brings serious risks. If not managed equitably, it can deepen global inequalities, destroy vital ecosystems, fuel conflict and human rights abuses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>This article argues that the energy transition must not become a new conflict for resources. Real climate action must be rooted in justice\u2014ensuring that no community, culture, or ecosystem is marginalized. A just transition means rethinking not only what we extract, but how we do it. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Contributing to a just energy transition<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>IUCN NL has been extensively involved in promoting a just energy transition, primarily through the <ins><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/project\/bottom-line-a-fair-and-successful-energy-transition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bottom Line!<\/a><\/ins> project. The project, recognising the necessity for an energy transition to happen, focuses on how this can be achieved making sure that this shift as fair as possible; minimising the negative impacts it can have on people and nature. Bottom Line! focuses on three forest landscapes which are indispensable for global biodiversity as well as the fight against climate change. They also supply food and water and hold important cultural value for Indigenous peoples and local communities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"block block-container small-12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n<p>Along the same lines, through the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/project\/land-acquisition-fund\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Land Aquisition Fund<\/a> (LAF), IUCN NL has enabled nature organisations around the world to safeguard their biodiversity. Its financial support to locally led conservation has contributed to the protection of endangered ecosystems as well as the empowerment of bottom-up initiatives. Aka Pacha foundation in Chile is one such conservation initiative that through the help of LAF has managed to protect and preserve the fragile ecosystems in the northern parts of Chile.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"background background-preset-primary\" id=\"block_0f8e16ca6cf7db0fe90dca96e1f0a9b8\">\n             <div class=\"dark custom-padding-top\">\n    \n\n\n<div class=\"smallteam-members__name12 large-offset-1 large-10\">\n\t<div id=\"team-members-block_79f54fb358425cf394c61cb72b28ce5e\" class=\"team-members team-members-block block\">\n\t\t<span class=\"anchor-id\" id=\"\"><\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"team-members__title\">\n\t\t\t\t<div>More information? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"team-members__body small-12 grid-x\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__item grid-x small-12 medium-6\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image cell shrink\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__image-wrapper lazyload\" style=\"background-image:inherit;\" data-bg-image=\"url(&#039;https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/46IUCN-300418-2-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2021\/02\/46IUCN-300418-2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 2560px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 2560\/2560;\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info cell auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__info-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__name\">Mariel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCabero<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__jobtitle\">Expert Environmental Justice<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__email\">Email:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:mariel.cabero@iucn.nl\">mariel.cabero@iucn.nl<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__readmore\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/mariel-cabero-expert-environmental-justice\/\" target=\"\">Volledig profiel<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"team-members__socials\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mariel-cabero-ugalde-71829834\/\" class=\"team-members__socials-icon ico-linkedin\" aria-label=\"Linkedin profile of Mariel Cabero\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/themes\/gopublic-motor-theme-child\/src\/images\/linkedin-icon.svg\" alt=\"Linkedin logo\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"posts related_content small-12\">\n    <div class=\"post__titlebar grid-x\">\n                    <h2 class=\"post__title\">More information on mining<\/h2>\n            <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"post__body\">\n                    <div class=\"grid-x grid-margin-x show-for-medium\">\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/iucn-members-adopt-resolution-to-safeguard-biodiversity-and-human-rights-in-energy-transition-mineral-governance\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    News\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            IUCN members adopt resolution to safeguard biodiversity and human rights in energy transition mineral governance\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/opinion\/working-towards-responsible-and-transparent-renewable-energy\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-17-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-17-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-17-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Opinion\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Working towards responsible and transparent renewable energy\u00a0\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/we-cannot-be-fooled-anymore-lessons-from-a-mining-field-trip-in-indonesia\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-15-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-15-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-15-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Feature stories\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            &#8216;We cannot be fooled anymore\u2019: lessons from a mining field trip in Indonesia\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"cell large-3 medium-6 small-12\">\n                        <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/meet-the-conservationist-grizelda-mayo-anda-protects-the-people-of-palawan-in-the-philippines\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/photo-in-San-Manuel-on-Feb-14-2017-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/photo-in-San-Manuel-on-Feb-14-2017-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/photo-in-San-Manuel-on-Feb-14-2017-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Feature stories\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Meet the conservationist: Grizelda Mayo Anda protects the people of Palawan in the Philippines\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n                <div class=\"orbit\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"More information on mining\" data-orbit>\n                    <div class=\"orbit-wrapper\">\n                        <ul class=\"orbit-container\">\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/iucn-members-adopt-resolution-to-safeguard-biodiversity-and-human-rights-in-energy-transition-mineral-governance\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Nickel-Mine-Exploitation-Threats-to-Sulawesis-Natural-Environment-c-Garry-Lotulung-2-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    News\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            IUCN members adopt resolution to safeguard biodiversity and human rights in energy transition mineral governance\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/opinion\/working-towards-responsible-and-transparent-renewable-energy\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-17-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-17-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/10\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-17-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Opinion\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Working towards responsible and transparent renewable energy\u00a0\u00a0\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/we-cannot-be-fooled-anymore-lessons-from-a-mining-field-trip-in-indonesia\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-15-scaled-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-15-scaled-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u2013-AlTo-\u2013-2024-15-scaled-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Feature stories\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            &#8216;We cannot be fooled anymore\u2019: lessons from a mining field trip in Indonesia\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li class=\"is-active orbit-slide\">\n                                <article class=\"post post-type-post\">\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/story\/meet-the-conservationist-grizelda-mayo-anda-protects-the-people-of-palawan-in-the-philippines\/\">\n        <div class=\"post__image\"\n            data-interchange=\"[https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/photo-in-San-Manuel-on-Feb-14-2017-600x0-c-default.jpg, small], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/photo-in-San-Manuel-on-Feb-14-2017-800x0-c-default.jpg, medium], [https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/photo-in-San-Manuel-on-Feb-14-2017-1800x0-c-default.jpg, large]\">\n            \n            <div class=\"post__in\">\n                <div class=\"post__in--info\">\n                                    <div class=\"post__in--label\">\n                                                                                    Feature stories\n                                                                        <\/div>\n\n                                                                <h3>\n                            Meet the conservationist: Grizelda Mayo Anda protects the people of Palawan in the Philippines\n                        <\/h3>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"post__link\">\n                    <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\"><\/i>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n<\/article>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                <\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <nav class=\"orbit-bullets\">\n                                                                            <button class=\"is-active\" data-slide=\"0\">\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span>\n                            <span class=\"show-for-sr\" data-slide-active-label><\/span>\n                        <\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"1\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"2\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                                                    <button data-slide=\"3\"><span class=\"show-for-sr\"><\/span><\/button>\n                                                                <\/nav>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><h2><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_295889_1();\">Index<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_295889_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_295889_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/h2><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_295889_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Index<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/stories\/digging-sustainably\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Is mining for clean energy minerals sustainable?<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">A large reservoir of mineralised water formed through erosion processes and the inflow of underground water into the salt flats; these waters carry many minerals. The brines are the raw material for the exploitation of lithium because the lithium is diluted in the brines.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/segweb\/economicgeology\/article\/doi\/10.5382\/econgeo.5134\/653196\/Lithium-Brines-Origin-Characteristics-and-Global\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lithium Brines: Origin, Characteristics, and Global Distribution | Economic Geology | GeoScienceWorld<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/national-minerals-information-center\/lithium-statistics-and-information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lithium Statistics and Information | U.S. Geological Survey<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_5');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_35\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_35');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Image 1: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/graphic-detail\/2017\/06\/19\/three-south-american-countries-hold-over-half-the-worlds-lithium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Three South American countries hold over half the world\u2019s lithium<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.cepal.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/8d505030-7686-44e1-9f60-77ceb0610826\/content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lithium extraction and industrialization: opportunities and challenges for Latin America and the Caribbean<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altiplano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Altiplano &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_9');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_12');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cedib.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/extraccion-de-litio-y-derechos-de-los-pueblos-indigenas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">extraccion-de-litio-y-derechos-de-los-pueblos-indigenas.pdf<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/news\/what-does-the-critical-raw-materials-act-mean-for-nature-and-human-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">What does the Critical Raw Materials Act mean for nature and human rights? | IUCN NL<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hir.harvard.edu\/lithium-triangle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Lithium Triangle: Where Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia Meet<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26917284\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">THE LITHIUM TRIANGLE on JSTOR<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cedib.org\/noticias\/organizaciones-ambientales-piden-mas-informacion-sobre-contratos-de-litio-y-sus-consecuencias-a-sol-y-sombra-17-02-25\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Environmental Organizations Call for More Information on Lithium Contracts and Their &#8220;Consequences&#8221; | In the sun and shade (17.02.25) &#8211; The new CEDIB<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">an underground layer of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">water<\/a>-bearing material, consisting of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">permeable<\/a> or fractured rock, or of unconsolidated materials<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><strong>Bofedales<\/strong> (singular <em>bofedal<\/em>), known in some parts of Peru as <strong>oconales<\/strong>, are a type of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wetland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">wetland<\/a> found in the high <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Andes<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cedib.org\/biblioteca\/declaratoria-de-la-alianza-por-los-humedales-andinos-para-promover-su-proteccion-y-preservacion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Declaration of the Alliance for Andean Wetlands to promote their protection and preservation &#8211; The new CEDIB<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/clim\/24\/17\/jcli-d-11-00051.1.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Projecting Rainfall Changes over the South American Altiplano in: Journal of Climate Volume 24 Issue 17 (2011)<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388#RSPB20212388C27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388#RSPB20212388C27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388#RSPB20212388C27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Climate change and lithium mining influence flamingo abundance in the Lithium Triangle | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CI_EN_GFB-Strategic-Minerals.pdf<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388#RSPB20212388C27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Climate change and lithium mining influence flamingo abundance in the Lithium Triangle | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences<\/a>2<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388#RSPB20212388C27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.2388?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Climate change and lithium mining influence flamingo abundance in the Lithium Triangle | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wetlands.org\/publication\/briefing-on-lithium-mining-in-the-andes-of-south-america-no-to-water-mega-mining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Briefing on lithium mining in the Andes of South America : No to water mega-mining &#8211; Wetlands International<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edited-volume\/40215\/chapter-abstract\/344567191?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Raphael Lemkin, Culture, and the Concept of Genocide | The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies | Oxford Academic<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Litio: por qu\u00e9 Am\u00e9rica Latina es clave para la transici\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica mundial | Foro Econ\u00f3mico Mundial<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0094582X18782673\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Neoextractivism and Indigenous Water Ritual in Salar de Atacama, Chile &#8211; Sally Babidge, Paola Bolados, 2018<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pv-magazine-mexico.com\/2023\/01\/20\/en-el-futuro-tendremos-litio-tendremos-coches-electricos-pero-no-tendremos-agua\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cEn el futuro tendremos litio, tendremos coches el\u00e9ctricos, pero no tendremos agua\u201d \u2013 pv magazine Mexico<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/es\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/indigenous-and-tribal-peoples-convention-1989-no-169\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Convenio sobre pueblos ind\u00edgenas y tribales, 1989&nbsp;(169)&nbsp; | OHCHR<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/paisajes\/chapter\/3-7-la-mineria-de-litio-esta-dejando-a-las-comunidades-indigenas-de-chile-altas-y-secas-literalmente\/#:~:text=Este%20texto%20aborda%20la%20crisis%20h%C3%ADdrica%20que%20enfrenta,el%20medio%20ambiente%20en%20la%20regi%C3%B3n%20de%20Atacama.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3.7 La miner\u00eda de litio est\u00e1 dejando a las comunidades ind\u00edgenas de Chile altas y secas (literalmente) \u2013 Paisajes<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_31');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_31\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/media.business-humanrights.org\/media\/documents\/files\/documents\/INFORME_LITIO_FINAL_PARA_WEB.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">INFORME_LITIO_FINAL_PARA_WEB.pdf<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_32');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_32\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><strong>Camelids<\/strong> are members of the biological <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_(biology)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">family<\/a> <strong>Camelidae<\/strong>. The seven <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extant_taxon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">extant<\/a> members of this group are: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dromedary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dromedary camels<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bactrian_camel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bactrian camels<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wild_Bactrian_camel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">wild Bactrian camels<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">llamas<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpaca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">alpacas<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vicu%C3%B1a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">vicu\u00f1as<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guanaco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">guanacos<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_33');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_33\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/es.weforum.org\/stories\/2023\/01\/litio-por-que-america-latina-es-clave-para-la-transicion-energetica-mundial\/#:~:text=Litio%3A%20por%20qu%C3%A9%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina%20es%20clave%20para,reciclaje%20puede%20reducir%20la%20demanda%20de%20litio%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Litio: por qu\u00e9 Am\u00e9rica Latina es clave para la transici\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica mundial | Foro Econ\u00f3mico Mundial<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_295889_1_34');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_295889_1_34\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/graphics\/business\/batteries\/tossed-aside-in-the-lithium-rush\/?ref=hir.harvard.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Indigenous people are left poor as tech world takes lithium from under their feet &#8211; Washington Post<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_295889_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_295889_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_295889_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_295889_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_295889_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_295889_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_295889_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_295889_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_295889_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_295889_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_295889_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_295889_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_295889_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_295889_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The planetary crisis that came with the extraction and burning of fossil fuels has demanded a radical shift; a transition towards renewable forms of energy production. The energy transition, one of the most promoted solutions to today\u2019s climate and energy challenges, has sparked demand for transition minerals, such as lithium. The \u201cLithium Triangle\u201d is in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":298340,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[309,144,184],"class_list":["post-295889","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-story","tag-bottom-line","tag-land-acquisition-fund","tag-mining"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/295889","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=295889"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/295889\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":385311,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/295889\/revisions\/385311"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/298340"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=295889"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=295889"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=295889"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}